Role Of Employee Motivation Management Essay Essay Example

Role Of Employee Motivation Management Essay Essay Example Role Of Employee Motivation Management Essay Essay Role Of Employee Motivation Management Essay Essay Social and economic development have driven houses to hold greater flexibleness in work agreement and employment construction in order to ( I ) expeditiously meet the production demand, ( two ) to react monetary value competition in the market ( American Benefits Council, 2004 ) ( Kalleberg, Reskin, A ; Hudson, 2010 ) and ( three ) to run concern productively ( Gachunga, 2008 ) . Today, HR in organisation is restructured in with minimized figure of lasting staff in the nucleus countries. Many occupations are offered to parttime employees, impermanent employees, free-lance and independent contractors who are named under general term flexible work force or flexible workers. There is a demand to clear up the significance of flexible work force ( FW ) in this research. Academic writers and HR practicians use the term FW to attest two chief types of workers. First, it refers to internal or full-time employees who possess multiple accomplishments both proficient and interpersonal. They are capable to larn more as new demands arise ( Keiser A ; Ferris, 2012 ) and to execute from one undertaking to another ( Kalleberg, 2003 ) . Second, FW characterizes those who work for houses on irregular or parttime footing, or in other words, they are non in the paysheet of companies. They are hired to run into specific demands of companies at specific phases ( Kalleberg, Reskin, A ; Hudson, 2010 ; Dyne A ; Ang, 1998 ) . However, for the intent of this research, the term FW is used to attest the latter type of workers. FW is non a new construct in human resource direction. At one clip, contingent workers, free agent contractors were perceived chiefly as ways for concerns to set capacity demand in seasonal or peak production, or to replace temporarily places that demand a modest accomplishments ( Lindner, 1998 ) . In other words, FW in the past chiefly provided physical inputs for simple plants. Nowadays, FW are besides mobilized for rational occupations that require complicated accomplishments and strong expertness. Even scientists today work on parttime footing ( Malisheski, 2007 ) . More significantly, both academe and HR practicians observed that FW has become an increasing tendency in labour market place today ( Wilton, 2010 ; Guest, 2004 ; American Benefits Council, 2004 ) , particularly in cognition intensive organisations. Presently, the term FW is frequently used to mention to independent experts, free-lances, independent contractors, impermanent workers and advisers at all degree of accomplishments ( Matusik A ; Hill, 1998 ) . In Vietnam, with the 65 % of Vietnam s work force is unskilled and 75 % of 20-24 old ages olds are either unskilled or skill-trapped ( estimated by ( Eurocham in Vietnam, 2011 ) , it is truly an obstruction for economic development and one of the chief cause of poorness in Vietnam. Therefore, bettering and upgrading the flexibleness and besides skill go one of the Vietnam s cardinal undertakings to run into the demand of rapid labour work force alteration. In the scope of concern, the flexibleness in the work force becomes a tendency to run into the demand of assortment types of concern, cut down the disposal cost, and better the work effectivity. Irregular or parttime work force presents becomes popular non merely in the concern that requires low accomplishment, but besides high accomplishment such as in houses of audience or legal houses, imperativeness and newspaper, etc. Transformation and Change Management Consulting Company ( T A ; C Consulting ) is a Vietnamese consulting house in direction development sphere. The company has been supplying consultancy service to a figure of public and private organisations across sectors: wellness, agribusiness, environment and instruction. Thankss to consultancy service of high quality, T A ; C has gained trust and good repute from clients. Such wide sphere necessitates T A ; C to set up and keep a broad web of parttime advisers with different expertness. This flexible work force consists of high profile lectors, experts from universities, institutes, senior officers from local and international organisations. Undeniably, success of T A ; C has been contributed mostly by competent parttime advisers and their battle is decisive factor for the being and farther development of organisation. However, there is a world that external employees tend to give less clip and energy to clients compared to full-time co-workers as they are in the place to offer their services to different companies ( Edwards, 2008, p. 43 ) . In add-on, due to the nature of relationship, parttime employees are likely to divide themselves from the catching house and considered to hold lower battle than full-time co-workers ( Deloitte, 2011 ) . Particularly, as a immature company, the relationship between T A ; C and this various work force might non be every bit strong as it is with other confer withing houses. Hence, it is of import to actuate parttime to do them engaged to the organisation and stimulate them in plant. However, how to actuate these high qualified workers is uneasy inquiry for directors ( Greenguard, 199 5 ) . Role of employee motive Attracting and retaining adept employees for organisations is the outstanding concern of HR directors, whereas battle and public presentation of employees depends greatly on motive patterns implemented by HR practicians. Low degree of employee trueness may impede the quality, consistence and stableness of services that companies provide to clients and accordingly escalate client s dissatisfaction with the services provided by the companies ( Dysvik A ; Kuvaas, 2010 ) . Therefore Employee motive ( EM ) is a cardinal factor for organisation to keep the continuity of the work in a powerful mode and assist them to last and thrive. Surveies on EM are ample in footings of subjects, types of employees and across sectors. To call a few, ( Perry, Mesch, A ; Paarberg, 2006 ) took a literature reappraisal research on actuating factors to employees in three sectors: private, public and NGOs. ( Macey A ; Schneiner, 2008 ; Saks, 2006 ) concerned motivational factors and employee battle. ( Dysvik A ; Kuvaas, 2010 ) are interested in relationship between intrinsic motive, command end and phenomenon of turnover. Whereas ( Bulgarella, 2005 ) paid attending to the nexus better employee satisfaction and client satisfaction. These researches stressed that hapless motive pattern causes hapless employees public presentation and their turnover ( Kasser A ; Davey, 1992 ) and as a consequence leads to hapless public presentation of the whole organisation. From positive position, good EM patterns will bring forth meaningful results for organisations. It is widely acknowledged that benefits of EM to organisations are multifold. First, employees one time motivated decently will hike productiveness that leads to a autumn in unit costs of production and endeavor is able to sell merchandise at a lower monetary value ( Lindner, 1998 ) . Sing rational employees, they will happen themselves more advanced and originative when they are given an interesting plants. Second, ( Saks, 2006 ) ( Mak A ; Sockel, 2001 ) all believed that appropriate EM impacts positively on employee battle, reduces employee turnover. As a consequence endeavors save disbursal for enrolling and developing new employees, disbursal for overtime working of current staff or cost for engaging impermanent to acquire the work done during choice and preparation of replacing ( Kreisman, 2002 ) . Third, well-motivated employees are content with working lives and they barely have any ground to be absent at the working topographic point therefore the degrees of absenteeism are low ( Mayfield A ; Mayfield, 2009 ) . Fourth, some farther researches in EM country conducted by ( Harter, Schmidt, A ; Hayes, 2002 ; Salanova, Agut, A ; Peiro, 2005 ) indicate that there is a strong relationship between employee satisfaction and client satisfaction. Satisfied employees are motivated and empowered employees. They have the motivational resources such as preparation, duty to present sufficient attempt and attention to clients ( Bulgarella, 2005 ) . In many instances, motivated employees are willing to make more than what they are asked to make and they apparently achieve greater success than others. Those employees evidently are valuable resource for organisation and good theoretical account for other co-workers to follow. Last but non least, motivated employees endow organisations with good repute and thanks to this, organisations are in good place to pull the best workers ( Collins A ; Han, 2004 ) . The importance of EM is apparent. But how to pattern EM decently is an uneasy issue for many HR directors. Employees are non indistinguishable and their outlooks from plants are dissimilar. ( Peterson, 2007 ) . Motivation theories and empirical surveies show that, human existences are motivated to acquire things done due to both intrinsic and extrinsic grounds. The former refers to making something because it is inherently interesting or gratifying while the ulterior refers to making something because it consequences in separate results ( Ryan A ; Deci, 2000 ) . To exemplify, motive of employee could come from work enjoyment or acknowledgment from employer. It could be aspirations to accomplish certain ends such as higher wage, publicity or holding chances to get new cognition and accomplishments. Motivation could besides ensue from satisfactory feeling when employee completes successfully a hard undertaking or when jobs are solved. Furthermore, to many people motive is internal ind ucement which should non be exposed. Motivation is unseeable and consequently it can non be measured straight. HR professionals rely on motive theories in mensurating the discernible looks of work motive ( Ambrose A ; Kulik, 1999 ) . Motivation theories are classified into two major groups Content and Process theories. The former is symbolized by Maslow s Hierarchy of demands theory, Alderfer s ERG theory, Herzeberg s motivator-hygiene theory and McClelland s three-needs. The latter group is signified by Adams equity theory, Vroom s anticipation theory, Edwin Locke and Gary Latham s Goal-setting theory, and Reinforcement theory represent. While Contented theories focus single factors that orient human behaviour, Process theories emphasis on understanding procedure of motive that impacts behaviour ( Miner, 2005 ) . Sing extrinsic factors, wage seems to be the most regular pattern in actuating employee public presentation. Frederic Winslow Taylor ( 1856-1915 ) one of the earliest theoreticians on Management Science who sought to heighten industrial efficiency- highlighted that wage is the most cardinal factor in actuating the industrial workers to hike greater productiveness ( Manzoor, 2012 ) . Thornburg ( as cited in ( Wiley, 1997 ) suggested that wage is an of import wages as it is a agency for employees to purchase goods and services for to run into their basic/physiological demands that in bend enables them to a achieve higher demands such as regards need and self-actualization demand. Hence, harmonizing to this writer, money is a worthy incentive. In pattern, all concern usage money as a major agencies to promote employee public presentation. Other writers supported the thought that money is the important incentiveaˆÂ ¦ that no other inducement or motivational technique comes even cl ose to money with regard to its instrumental value ( Feren et al as cited in ( Rynes, Gerhar, A ; Minette, 2004 ) . However, there is a common position among research workers and practicians that wage is non the cardinal incentive and chiefly generates short-run encouragements of energy, which can hold damaging unintended effects ( Dewhurst, Guthridge, A ; Mohr, 2009 ) . Furthermore, tonss of empirical surveies showed that people who look frontward to fiscal wagess for finishing assignment or for making assignment efficaciously do non execute every bit good as those who expect no wagess at all ( Kohn, 1993 ) . Other writers asserted that extrinsic motivational factors could come from leading and managerial manner ( Hofstede, 1980 ; Miner, 2005 ) . Herzberg ( cited in ( Miner, 2005 ) complemented that duty authorization, publicity and organisation committedness are besides extrinsic grounds ( or hygiene factor in Herzberg s words ) that motivate employee public presentation and battle. However, human existences are non merely motivated by extrinsic factors but besides by internal desires such as to be socially recognized or to self-actualize ( Herzberg as cited in ( Miner, 2005 ) which means the demand for self-improvement or self-fulfillment ( Maslow, 1987 ) . Herzberg ( as cited in ( Steers, Mowday, A ; Shapiro, 2004 ) argued that staff are per se motivated mostly by the challenge degree of work and the chances for acknowledgment and support from making that work. In short, EM is one of the most important patterns of HRM that facilitate organisations to accomplish concern aims. Furthermore, in the context of T A ; C Consulting, parttime advisers are the cardinal beginning for successful operation ; hence EM is the cardinal consideration of the house. For this ground, Motivating parttime advisers at T A ; C Consulting Company Ltd is opted as subject of this research. Overall Research Aim and Individual Research Objectives The overall purpose of this research is to understand the impact of motive to the battle and public presentation of parttime advisers at T A ; C. In order achieve the above overall purpose, it is necessary to derive a general apprehension on high-skilled flexible work force and parttime advisers every bit good as their outlooks through reexamining literature collected from credit-worthy beginnings such as academic diaries, books and professional web sites etc. Give this information, the theoretical model of Motivation and Engagement Wheel introduced and developed by Martin ( 2005 ) will be established to analyze the nexus between motive factors and battle of parttime advisers. Consequently, the three chief factors doing heavy impacts on the battle of employee include adaptative knowledges, adaptative behaviours, maladaptive dimensions and hindering dimensions. For adaptative knowledges, self-efficacy agencies employees belief or trust in their abilities to successfully finish the occupation ; mastery orientation refers to their focal point on occupation satisfaction and executing better than others or being rewarded, valuing of work refers to employees belief that what they do is of import and doing part to the general development of their houses. For adaptative behaviours, be aftering expresses the extent to which employees get it clear what they are required to make, and they know how to finish the occupation, and so supervise their advancement as they are making it ; task direction means the clip direction, prioritizing, and set uping suited conditions for work ; and, continuity refers to the extent to which employees are relentless even in the face of disputing or hard work. In footings of hindering dimensions, anxiousness means the concern and jitteriness in the workplace ; failure turning away refers to employees motive to transport out their work with the primary motive to avoid weakness, doing errors, allowing direction or other workers down, or being seen to execute ill, unsure control refers to employees uncertainness about their capacity to impact results in the workplace. For maladaptive dimensions, self-handicapping refers to employees inclination to set obstructions in the way to success such as cunctation, blowing clip, non seeking really hard and disengagement refers to employees disposition to retreat or vacate from the workplace ( Martin, 2003 ) . Further, empirical informations will be collected through directing questionnaires to researched topics and via in-depth interview with selected staff and directors at T A ; C. Secondary informations available for the research will besides be used to intensify comprehension on the context of T A ; C. Specifically, the research will cover following aims which are interrelated to each other and put in sequential to supply convenience for readers to understand the thesis exhaustively. To hold an overview on highly-flexible work force and parttime advisers To analyze the relationship between motive factors and battle of parttime advisers at T A ; C. To place chief factors driving parttime advisers and extenuating committedness of parttime advisers to T A ; C. To explicate recommendations on motive patterns for T A ; C. Boundary of the Research Even though EM capable attracts involvement of non lone research workers, HR practicians, other line directors but besides current and future employees, it is a wide class. By ground of clip and resource restraints, the boundary of this research is restricted to a certain extent, viz. : First, this research is implemented within the range of T A ; C company Second, this research emphasizes on part-time advisers merely. This research work would be a beginning for T A ; C and other local little consulting houses to understand which activities would actuate flexible work force to lend toward organisational intents. However, rating on actuating parttime adviser might be noncomprehensive and hence this research merely has a comparative and referential value. Structure of the Research This research consists of five chapters as follows: Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter provides the background information on FW and its relevancy to organisational demands. Next, EM is introduced in order to help readers to hold a cardinal apprehension on its multiple benefits to organisations. Furthermore, different groups of motive theories are mentioned and some motive factors are given out to exemplify its influences to public presentation of employee. Sequentially, overall purpose and specific aims are identified to show an orientation for the research. Finally, construction of the research is indicated to assist readers to visualise the agreement of research. Chapter 2: Literature Reappraisal The chapter shall specify the term highly-flexible work force and discuss advantages and disadvantages while utilizing this work force contingently in organisations. Some motivational factors and their relationship with employee battle shall be explored and argued for empirical survey. Chapter 3: Research Methods In this chapter, the writer would wish to present assorted methodological analysis and research methods that are normally applied in academic thesis. The advantages and disadvantages together with elaborate apprehension of each method will be addressed in this chapter. The writer will besides find which type of methodological analysis and research method is most suited for the subject. Chapter 4: Findingss and Discussion The writer will depict the informations aggregation procedure together with measure by measure guideline on the research. A sum-up of informations will be presented. The writer besides applies statistical analysis to place the significance of the gathered information. The consequences of the research are presented in this chapter. Chapter 5: Decision and Recommendations Finally, the writer will consolidate all the information and cognition learned from the subject in the decision. This includes the theories discussed in literature reappraisal and the findings in the research procedure. The decision of information can besides give rise to some utile recommendations and solutions to better the employee motive and satisfaction. The following chapter- literature reviews- examines literature relevant to the aims of this research, get downing with an probe of what is meant by the term highly-flexible work force. Chapter 2- LITERATURE REVIEW Chapter Introduction This Literature Review will look at the chief issues environing high-skilled flexible work force and motive factors that drive battle of this work force. The survey within this reappraisal of literature emphasiss on the first and 2nd aims as introduced in sub-section 1.3 of Chapter 1: To hold an overview on cognition workers and parttime advisers To analyze the relationship between motive factors and battle of parttime advisers at T A ; C. In peculiar, Chapter 2 references three chief parts: I ) Highly-skilled FW and attributes twos ) Motivational factors impacting employee battle ( three ) Measurement method of employee battle. The literature reexamine shall supply a meaningful treatment and analysis on actuating FW, in structured mode, with hope that readers will be intelligent a critical apprehension of the major issues in this research every bit good as account on the demand for empirical research in the undermentioned chapter. To get down with, this chapter shall look into the formation of highly-skilled FW. The properties of FW shall be explored to grok the challenges and benefits for organisation utilizing this type of workers. Formation of Highly-skilled Flexible workers and parttime advisers Different footings are used interchangeably to attest FW, to call a few: non-traditional employees, non-standard workers, contingent workers, impermanent employees, parttime employees, insecure workers or fringe workers ( Davis-Blake, 2003 ; Dyne A ; Ang, 1998 ; Mayfield, 2006 ; Kalleberg, 2003 ; Kalleberg, 2009 ; Kalleberg et Al, 2010 ) . However, FW seems to be the most general phrase to show different property of this labour ( American Benefits Council, 2004 ; Pettinger, 1998 ) . As said earlier in the introductory chapter, map of FW has been regarded as undertaking day-to-day activities which are necessary but non critical to organisations. However, the intensified competition in planetary context has driven formation of highly-skilled FW on top of low-skilled workers. 62 % employers in Global Firm Survey conducted by Economist Intelligence Unit in mid 2010 expect to hold more proportion of contingent workers in their work force, in other words they looked frontward to a greater sum of contract-employment. In add-on, personal grounds have besides encouraged tendency of FW, particularly among highly-skilled workers. They decide to be free agents, working for organisations they choose and at any clip they plan. ( Economist Intelligence Unit, 2010 ) . Furthermore, new coevals of FW is grown up, experient and knowing. They are at a phase of their callings or their lives when flexibleness has become really of import ( Berchem, 2012 ) . They desire to hold work-life balance. Work flexibleness helps them equilibrate their outlook to carry throughing both professional life and personal life ( Malisheski, 2007 ) . Furthermore, they argue that flexible work agreements facilitate cognition workers to experience more independent and to be able to bring forth and reassign more cognition. Indeed, literature on direction supports their statement that flexible work direction is non merely relevant but besides indispensable in cognition intensive organisations ( Powell A ; Snellman, 2004 ) . High-skilled flexible work force today largely involve in rational occupations. Knell ( 2000 ) and Arthur A ; Rousseau ( 1995 ) ( as cited in ( Guest, 2004 ) portion a position that free cognition workers are those win in calling, have high degree of independency and employability. They carry knowledge as a valuable resource which they, instead than organisation possess ( Horwitz, Heng, A ; Quazi, 2003 ) . Therefore, they are in powerful place to negociate with employer about working conditions that prioritize them foremost and the company second. Furthermore, they are evaluated to be committed more to occupation than organisation ( Horwitz, Heng, A ; Quazi, 2003 ) . Significantly, highly-skilled FW today have a higher making, higher populating standard, more full-blown than workers in old epochs. They tend to seek for meaningful and honoring occupations and have a assortment of opportunities to obtain those occupations. However, other surveies showed the grounds that contingent employees are less desirable than full-time employees. Likewise, parttime workers are found to hold lower degree of occupation satisfaction comparatively to full-time co-workers ( Wilkens A ; Nermerich, 2011 ) . However, since they are endowments, organisations compete to pull and retain them based on the meaningfulness of their occupations ( Kreisman, 2002 ) . ( Deloitte, 2011 ) a celebrated planetary consulting house stresses that contingent work force is a critical endowment section. If these workers are managed decently, they could go a chief beginning of competitory advantage of organisations. They help to minimise labour cost and direction cost, let organisations to react rapidly to altering market conditions and to make full workforce spread every bit good as cognition spread. Part-time advisers organize a important portion of highly-skilled FW and portion similar properties with this FW, by and large as follows: Posses knowledge and/or accomplishments that are in high demand Be endowments Earn high income Be a critical to public presentation and long-run success of organisation Demand work-life balance Tend to be committed more occupationally instead than organizationally These features of FW conveying about both benefits and challenges to employers. The fate of organisations depends on the battle of this work force. Even in current context of planetary economic downswing characterized by downsizing and head counts decrease, organisations still need to pull and retain highly-skilled workers. HR practicians so are required to develop motive program that responds outlook of highly-skilled FW in order to advance the public presentation of organisation. Understanding on Motivation Countless organisations, particularly those are based on cognition production position people as the most of import plus. Harmonizing to ( Inyang, 2010 ) , HR is the most powerful and cardinal, lending significantly to corporate bottom line and fight . Supporting to this sentiment, ( Chang A ; Huang, 2005 ) province that while traditional beginnings such as natural resources, economic system of graduated tables, merchandise engineering still leverage competitory borders, are less powerful ( Chang A ; Huang, 2005 ) whereas human resource has progressively become the most of import beginning of competitory advantage of organisation thanks to their cognition, accomplishments and experience. Besides, literature on highly-skilled FW suggests that free workers are strategic beginning for competitory advantage and critical to organisational public presentation. Highly-skilled flexible workers must be motivated earnestly ( Deloitte, 2011 ; Wilkens A ; Nermerich, 2011 ) . To get down, this sub-section explores how motive is defined among research workers. Reaping on different definitions from psychological text editions, ( Huitt, 2008 ) summaries that motive is an internal province or status that East and energize behaviours. Other writers besides emphasize internal drivers and procedure of motive. Harmonizing to ( Ford, 1992 ) motive is combination of three psychological facets personal aims, emotional aggravation procedures and personal bureau beliefs- that map to direct, stimulate, and modulate purposive activity. This means, people who are decently motivated will take action so as to accomplish their established aims. In other advancement, Herzberg has been consistent in his all surveies that motive must deduce from the work itself and from internal desires such as acknowledgment, possibility of growing acknowledgment, promotion, duty, instead than from hygiene factors like wagess, working environment, policy etc. ( Miner, 2005 ; Myers, 1998 ) . J. Stacy Adams identifies motive from another angle, motive for work come from equity. For the most general apprehension, employee is motivated when his inputs or investings are equal to what he perceived ; or similar inputs of different employees should be treated or paid every bit, otherwise possible for unfairness may originate ( Miner, 2005 ) . From the aforesaid paragraph, it is non hard to recognize that motive is barely unitary phenomenon ( Ryan A ; Deci, 2000 ) . Peoples are motivated otherwise and at different degrees. This research regards the definition delineated by Pinder ( 1998 ) as cited in ( Latham A ; Pinder, 2005 ) as the best contemplation on motive. This definition is formulated based on plants of motive theoreticians: Motivation is a set of energetic forces that originate both within every bit good as beyond an person s being, to originate work-related behaviour and to find its signifier, way, strength, and continuance . In this definition, motive is seen from both internal and external forces. Motivation comprehension of Pinder is supported by survey on intrinsic and extrinsic motive carried out by ( Ryan A ; Deci, 2000 ) . Intrinsic motive is driven by internal desire to make and/or complete something while extrinsic motive is driven by external touchable result. Following sub-section shall look into theoretically the factors that affect significantly to the battle and public presentation of employees. Motivating factors and battle Understanding on employee battle Battle of employees, particularly of gifted workers has consumed the idea of directors. It is believed that employee battle leads to higher productiveness, better concern result and sustainable development of organisation ( Macey A ; Schneiner, 2008 ; Saks, 2006 ) . Despite this, there remains a moderate figure of critical academic literature on this subject and likewise reasonably small information on how battle could be impacted by direction patterns. Recently, Global Engagement study in 2012 showed positive grounds that employee battle additions after old ages of worsening. In Asia Pacific battle mark is reported at 58 % in 2011 versus 55 % in 2010 and contributes to the lifting tendency of planetary battle ( Woods, 2012 ) . The study besides reveals that retaining endowment becomes progressively hard and imperative for organisations to understand and step drivers for battle of employees, consequently to develop effectual motivational patterns. So what is employee battle? In academic literature, employee battle is defined as the harnessing of organisation members egos to their work functions ; in battle, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively, and emotionally during function public presentations ( Kahn, 1990 as cited in ( Saks, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to ( Macey A ; Schneiner, 2008 ) , battle is desirable province, has organisation intent and consequences in fond regard, committedness, passion and enthusiasm. So employee battle consists of both behavioural and attitudinal components. There is no given consistent defition of employees battle. However, it is undeniable that there is much battle between a house and its employees whether the working environment must run into the undermentioned standards: The employees want to work for their houses in long term The employees are proud to present their company and recommend that it should be nice to work here The employees understand that the battle with their company brings many benefits other than salary and fillip The employees engage to the company s values Why either directors or staffs attach much importance to engagement in the workplace? A simple ground explicating for the above inquiry is the higher battle the employees achieved, the lower turnover rate the company has. And therefore, there is a nexus between the motive factors and the employees battle in the workplace. Harmonizing to a recent study of Globoforce ( 2007 ) , if a company has a dedicated squad, it will obtain much higher productiveness. Furthermore, the squad feels that they are happy with their work and acquire ready to do part to the success of their house because the single end is alining with the concern end. Harmonizing to a research consequence of Profiles International, there is a annual shortage of about USD 350 Billion due to there is no battle between the houses and their employees. The research was conducted with 8000 staffs working in many different sectors. The research consequences show that the employees can be divided into six groups as follows: The group doing much part but does non desire to prosecute: 15 % . In their sentiments, the occupation value is the short term economic end. The group holding positive attitude but does non believe of battle: 19 % . In their sentiment, they are gaining for life and occupation is non their precedence in life. The group working freely: 15 % . In their sentiment, they consider their occupations as the chances to alter and bring forth felicity in their lives. The redevelopment group: 14 % . For them, working creates long term values other than short term benefits and involvements. The traditional balance group: 20 % . In their sentiments, working is for higher places in the hereafter. They consider the occupation publicity is their top precedence in their lives The successful part group: 17 % . For them, working gives the chances to go an built-in portion of a successful house. The directors play important function in the edifice and maintaining of employees battle. Constructing an engaged working environment is non the undertaking of the Human Resource Department merely. If the directors to a great extent focus on create positive factors to their employees, they will construct a on the job environment fulfilled of battle. In instance that the directors ever focus on critizing or checking or observing the employees mistakes, the employees will non fulfill with the working environment. 2.3.2 Relationship between wage and battle of parttime adviser Concept of wage Harmonizing to Investopedia, Payroll is The sum sum of all compensation that a house must pay to its employees for a period of clip or on a given day of the month, normally at the terminal of a month. Payroll is normally managed and transferred/distributed by the accounting section of a house. Specially, little sized houses paysheets may be handled straight by the proprietor. Simply put, paysheet is a type of compensation. The paysheet is the amount of money that organisation and houses paid for their employees in a fixed day of the month of every month. The Relationship between wage and battle of parttime adviser The research consequences of A recent World at Work survey presents the public presentation wage has a important impact on the battle of high-performing employees, while the Corporate Leadership Council stated that it has a important influence on employees discretional attempt. However, the Institute for Employment Studies ( IES ) work in the NHS emphasized that the paysheet and benefits made immense part to staff battle. Therefore, paysheet in peculiar and compensation in general can actuate and assist to prosecute. But, as economic science professor Simon Burgess s meta-analysis of public presentation wage concludes, Employees do react to hard currency inducements, frequently in sophisticated ways that may or may non profit the organisation . Engagement is non merely about the motive to accomplish public presentation ends but besides a echt sense of mutualness with the long-run involvements of the employer ( Simon Burgess, 2009 ) . All in all, the higher salary or payroll the parttime advisers received, the higher engagement degree they achieved. The trial for the correlativity between the variable defined as paysheet and the dependant variable defined as the engagement degree is considered to be high. H1: Wage motivates battle of parttime advisers 2.3.3 Relationship between periphery benefit and battle of parttime adviser Concept of periphery benefit Harmonizing to investopedia, Fringe benefits include wellness insurance, group term life coverage, instruction reimbursement, child care and aid reimbursement, cafeteria programs, employee price reductions, personal usage of a company owned vehicle and other similar benefits. Simply put, A periphery benefit is considered as a benefit other than salary, pay or other hard currency wage, derived from employment. Such benefits normally apply more often to salaried employees non covered straight by awards or certified understandings and may include old-age pension, low involvement loans, proviso of autos or auto allowances, subsidised repasts, etc. Relationship between periphery benefit and battle of parttime adviser Peoples go to work for many grounds. Salary, pay or other types of hard currency wage is non the lone motive for employees when they work. For some, hard currency wage is even non the most of import benefit. By supplying periphery benefit, company can do employees experience more satisfied. Peoples are happy when the employer can supply them with a broad assortment of benefits, both touchable and intangible. Fringe benefit is considered a value added benefit that shows the attention of company to its employees. In add-on, parttime staffs should be given the same intervention and just benefits compared to permanent or full-time staffs. This is how the company creates a just and crystalline corporate civilization. In add-on, by giving periphery benefit together with chief wage, company can demo respect to parttime staffs. Therefore, their satisfaction will significantly better. H2: Fringe benefit motivates battle of parttime advisers 2.3.4 Relationship between organisational committedness and battle of parttime adviser Concept of Organizational committedness Organizational committedness refers to the person s psychological attitude towards an organisation. Committedness means attachment and trueness ( Stride, C. , Wall, T. and Catley, N. 2007 ) . The degree of committedness and trueness is rather subjective and depends on each person. To mensurate the degree of committedness, the organisation can find its employee turnover rate, occupation public presentation or staff behavior. There are many factors, both external and internal, that influence the attitude of employees towards their employer. Organizational committedness is of import for concern to retain its gifted employees. In add-on, it is besides the strong foundation to pull good people to the company. Strong staff committedness is the ambitious end for human resource. Relationship between organisational committedness and battle of parttime adviser It is difficult to keep high employee satisfaction and committedness. Particularly in the competitory market where concerns are contending against each other to pull gifted people, keeping high organisational committedness and low staff turnover is a ambitious end. The degree of committedness for parttime staffs is by and large lower than lasting and full-time employees. This is the common instance for many concerns in the market since parttime occupation holders tend to believe of their occupation as a impermanent place. A bulk of parttime employees aim at happening a full-time place. They can easy exchange to other employers once they find a full-time place. Therefore, it is really of import that company understand this particular feature of parttime employees and develop suited scheme to keep high committedness in them. H3: Organizational committedness motivates battle of parttime advisers 2.3.5 Relationship between Social pattern and battle of parttime adviser Concept of Social Practice Social pattern is a complicated construct related to an attack to life that incorporates a broad assortment of factors environing the person such as environment, civilization, relationship, etc. Social pattern attempts to explicate the significance behind societal activities. It besides describes how people in different societies or states around the universe shape their civilization and their life environment ( Zetterberg, H. 2002 ) . Social pattern is a complex and subjective. The action of human being alterations in different environment and context. Therefore, it is of import to place the relationship between the societal pattern and the societal context or state of affairs. Relationship between Social pattern and battle of parttime adviser Social pattern includes some art schemes such as societal formation, democracy, pluralism, etc. that can be applied in certain context and environment to animate the audience ( Walsh, J. 2009 ) . Social pattern besides plays a critical function in the direction of employees in general, including both parttime and full-time staffs. It is the art of the leaders or directors to make a suited societal environment and corporate civilization of the organisation. Different types of company, in different industries, should hold different civilization. Some organisations require creativeness and dynamic working while others demand rigorous and high bureaucratism. The directors should take advantage of societal pattern to develop suited working environment for the concern. Such civilization should impact parttime employees in a positive manner ( i.e. increase their work public presentation, better satisfaction, maintain committedness ) . H4: Organizational Social patterns motivate battle of parttime advisers 2.3.6 Relationship between self-actualization/job enrichment and battle of parttime adviser Concept of self-actualization/job enrichment Self-actualization refers to a province of head in which the individual has the motive to realize himself, to show and trip all the capacities of the being ( Helgoe, R. 2002 ) . A individual who reaches the self-actualization degree has an unfastened position to the universe. Such individual is non bound by lack in stuffs. He creates his ain value and follows his ain judgement on what is right and incorrect. Harmonizing to the Maslow Hierarchy of Needs, self-actualization is the highest degree ( King, P. 2009 ) . Very few people could make this degree in their thought. Job enrichment, on the other manus, refers to the chances that the concern provides its employees to utilize their broad scope of abilities. By leting staffs to make a broad assortment of undertakings, the concern can assist employees better their accomplishments in many Fieldss. This can besides make opportunities for staffs to place their concealed endowment and better their accomplishments in many countries. Relationship between self-actualization/job enrichment and battle of parttime adviser Many organisations fail to acknowledge the importance of parttime employees. Due to the limited clip and work contributed to the concern, many companies give simple and insistent undertakings to parttime employees. Therefore, the chance to turn and better of these staffs is low. This, in bend, reduces the satisfaction and makes parttime occupation holders leave the company. Company must understand such quandary and find the suited solution to this job. Even parttime employees should hold the just chance to dispute themselves in new countries and diversified undertakings. Supplying new undertakings and chance to revolve to different sections or squads are wise solution for parttime employees. A good corporate civilization with ethical consciousness besides allows employees to make their self-actualization degree. H5: Self-actualization/job enrichment motivates battle of parttime advisers High accomplishment is an of import factor that leads to personal success. High winners plants on their ain success by making everything personally and by having feedback that is important for them How to mensurate battle of parttime advisers Battle is mensurable ( MacLeod A ; Clarke, 2009, p. 10 ) There are many ways to mensurate the degree of battle and committedness for employees, including parttime staffs. Although committedness is a subjective variable and it is difficult to mensurate accurately, the concern can use certain measuring methods to develop an overview of the committedness of employees towards the organisation. Several factors that can be taken into consideration when mensurating employee committedness include: Job public presentation: if an employee is non happy and committed to the occupation, he or she will probably execute severely. If the public presentation of the employee significantly reduces, it can be a signal of low satisfaction and low committedness ( Mitchell, D. 1987 ) . The ground for negative public presentation should be analyzed exhaustively. There are many causes of low public presentation such as unqualified accomplishments or cognition, low wellness position, personal job, etc. The company must clearly find the ground for low committedness to develop solution for it. Employee study: employee study is a utile tool to find if the staff is engaged with his occupation. The study should let privateness and protection to personal information so that employees can reply the inquiries candidly and openly. It is of import that company understands its state of affairs and identifies the appropriate inquiries for the study. The consequence can be statistically analyzed for a thorough apprehension of employee motive. Staff turnover rate: high staff turnover rate is non a good mark for the corporate. The rate of staffs ( peculiarly in this instance, parttime staffs ) go forthing the company should be kept path of ( Bucknall, H. and Wei, Z. 2006 ) . When an employee leaves the company, the trough should inquire the ground whey he or she decides to go forth. The replies from these employees can supply insightful understanding on jobs confronting by parttime staffs. From such cognition, the concern can find solutions to better the employee committedness. Chapter Summary Chapter 2 presented general characteristics of high-skilled FW and summarized motive theories. The literature revealed that motive is a complicated issue in HRM and there is no common expression for actuating employees. Next, several peculiar research subjects associating to motive hold been taken into consideration and their relationship with employee battle has been argued with following hypotheses: H1: Pay significantly motivates battle of parttime advisers H2: Fringe benefit motivates battle of parttime advisers H3: Organizational committedness significantly motivates battle of parttime advisers H4: Organizational Social patterns significantly motivate battle of parttime advisers H5: Self-actualization/job enrichment significantly motivates battle of parttime advisers These hypotheses will be tested through empirical informations collected in the following phase of the research. Chapter 3 will detail the research methods to be applied to garner the empirical informations, including inside informations on the research scheme to be employed, informations aggregation techniques, sample choice and direction of the research worker s function. Chapter 3: Research Methodology 1. Introduction The writer will critically discourse the applied methodological analysiss in this research paper to accomplish the defined aims of this thesis. The methodological analysis is considered as series of methods or a system of research methods that will be applied to roll up informations and information from both primary beginning and secondary beginning to make each aim of the research paper. The three ends of the thesis were antecedently defined. Consequently, the writer will choose the appropriate research methods and methodological analysiss that may assist the writer to roll up and analyse the information and information to obtain the aims of the research in the best manner. The writer selects the methodological analysiss and research methods in the footing of what information and information needed to verify the aim. The first aim of this thesis is to hold an overview on cognition workers and parttime advisers. The writer will to a great extent concentrate on the research consequences obtained from desk-study and observations with high dependability and cogency and so pull the decisions from the findings. The 2nd end of this thesis is to analyze the relationship between motive factors and battle of parttime advisers at T A ; C. through the informations and information collected from the distributed questionnaire and interviews. The following aim of this thesis is to place chief factors driving parttime advisers and extenuating committedness of parttime advisers to T A ; C. The writer will acquire informations and information for verifying and making this research end from designed questionnaires, conducted interviews and observations so jump to the concluding decisions. The concluding purpose is to give the recommendations on motive patterns for T A ; C. The writer besides acquire informations and information in the questionnaire, viz. from the opend-ended inquiry and the interviews with 3 directors. 2. Profile of Transformation and Change Management Consulting Company ( T A ; C Consulting ) In the context of the robust growing of The Vietnam economic system, many local houses are on the move to do organisational alterations to increase their competitory advantages and achive better concern public presentation every bit good as generate successes in a really fast altering concern environment. In the procedure of organisational alterations, the increasing demand for professional consulting service of the organisation clients is molded and progressively dramas of import portion in today s fierce concern environment. To run into the clients demands, T and C Consulting Company was found. T and C Consulting Company to a great extent focuses on supplying professional consulting service and developing including: Pull offing strategic transmutation, human resource development, constructing corporate civilization. In human resource development, the company specializes in puting up public presentation measuring system, buiding up corporate civilization, and talent direction. In supplying distribution channels, the T and C confer withing company specializes scanning or carry oning analysis of concern environment and possible clients of an organisation, measuring market and carry oning industry analysis. T A ; C Company s strengthens in deeply apprehension of local context to supply its clients with the best services. 3. Research scheme Methodology is a system of theories and point of views which are related to the natural universe which will plan research methods, define the range and possibilities to use research methods and steer the research and explotation and application of research methods. On the other custodies, methodological analysis is the theories of research methods including the system of research methods, natural universe of the research workers and the regulations or rules to decide the research issues. Collis and Hussey ( 2003 ) argued that methodological analysis refers to the overall attacks and positions to the research procedure as a whole and methodological analysis is related to the chief issues including: why the research workers collect informations and information ; what information and information to be obtained or collected ; where and how to roll up these informations and information. Harmonizing to, methodological analysis is chiefly devided into two attack including Positivistic attac k and phenomenon attack. In this portion, the writer wants to critically discourse the pros and cons of each method to choose the most approproate method to follow in this thesis. 3.1 Positivist attack Positivist attacks are characterised by a degage attack to research that seeks out the facts or causes of any societal phenomena in a systematic manner. Positivist attacks are created on a belief that the survey of human behavior should be conducted in the same manner as surveies conducted in the natural scientific disciplines. And therefore, the dependability of research documents that was conducted by positivic attacks is high. Positivist attacks are to place and measure every bit good as do assessmement or behavior analysis of any phenomena and to supply rational account for it. This account will set up causal links and relationships between the different variables of the research topic and associate them to a peculiar theory or pattern. In this applied research paper, the given factors that might hold impacts on the motive and battle of employees will move as the independent variable. 3.2 Phenomenological attack Phenomenological attacks are from the position that human behavior is non easy measured as phenomena in the natural scientific discipline because human action and behavior is shaped and created by factors that are non ever discernible, e.g. interior thought procedures. Therefore, it is hard to mensurate, analyze and conclude human action from observation of behavior entirely. Furthermore, people the action or behavior of people does non ever co-occur with the manner others have interpreted them. This perspective assumes that people will frequently act upon events and act in unpredictable ways that upset any constructed regulations or identifiable norms they are frequently actors on a human phase and determine their public presentation depending on a broad scope of variables. Phenomenological attacks are peculiarly related to understanding behavior from the participants ain subjective frames of mention. And therefore, Research methods are selected if the writer wants to interpret a nd explicate every bit good as interpret events from the positions of the people who are the topic of the research. All in all, both Positivistic attack and Phenomenological attack are necessary in a research paper. The research workers across the Earth normally applied both of them. And there are many grounds explicating why the research workers must follow the two mentioned above methods. For case, if the research worker ditributes questionnaires for n repondents to acquire informations and information, it means that the research worker is using the positivic attack in their research paper. However, the studies besides contain qualitative work from the observations of participants or respondents. Everything has two sides, after critically sing the pros and cons of the two methodological analysiss ; the writer decides to choose both of them for the writer s research to increase the high dependability of the research paper. The following tabular array will exemplify the sub-categories for the two mentioned above methodological analysiss. The ten present the methodological analysiss to be selecte d: Positivic attack Phenomenological attack Surveies ( Questionnaire and Interview ) ten Case Studies ( Participant Observation ) ten Experimental Surveies Action Research Longitudinal Surveies Ethnography Cross-sectional Surveies Parcitipative Enquiry Feminist Perspective Grounded theory Surveies are to choose randomly a representative and indifferent sample of topics drawn from the group that the research workers want to carry on research and survey. The chief attacks of inquiring inquiries are by face-to-face or telephone interviews, by administering questionnaires for 100 respondents or participants. Almost research paper applied the mixture of the two attacks including interviews and questionnaires. There are two chief types of study. The first type to be identified is the descriptive studies which related to idetify and number or mensurate the frequence of a peculiar response among the study group. The 2nd type is the analytical study which concerned with the analysis of the relationship between different variables in a sample group. Surveys help the research workers to obtain informations about patterns, state of affairss or positions at one point in clip through questionnaires or interviews. Quantitative analytical techniques are so used to pull illations from this information sing bing relationships. The usage of studies permits a research worker to analyze more variables at one clip than is typically possible in research lab or field experiments whilst informations can be collected about existent universe environments. In this thesis, the writer would wish to choose studies as one of the most appropriate methodological analysiss because the research consequences of findings and analysis chiefly generate from questionnaires and interviews. And therefore, study plays an of import function in roll uping informations and information to verify and research the research inquiries and rearch each aim of the research paper. The writer will randomly choice 100 respondents as a sample of this thesis and behavior interviews with 3 directors including HR director, Business Development Manager, Project Coordinator. The writer strongly believes that study is the most suited and proper method to roll up informations and information that the writer ne eds in the procedure of verifying the hypothesis and deciding the research jobs. Case surveies involve in an effort to depict relationships that exist in world, really frequently in a individual organisation. Case surveies may be rationalist or interpretivist in nature, depending on the attack of the research worker, the informations collected and the analytical techniques employed. World can be captured in greater item by an observer-researcher, with the analysis of more variables than is typically possible in experimental and study research. In add-on to strengths of instance surveies, this type of research methodological analysis exposes many failings. The most disadvantageous point of this type is the writer can non utilize informations and information of a individual organisation to verify the state of affairss in natural universe because each organisation generates informations and information which differs from others. However, after critically taking its advantages and disadvantages in considerations, the writer still decides to choose this method because the writer is now working for T and C Consultant to the instance survey methodological analysis is proper. A instance survey offers an chance to analyze a peculiar topic, viz. an oranization or a group of people, and normally related to assemblage and analyzing information ; information that may be both qualitative and quantitative. Case surveies can be used to explicate theories including Descriptive, Illustrative, Experimental and Explanatory ( Scapens, 1990 ) . Case surveies could be used to mensurate or measure the influences of variables, such as societal category, gender and educational experiences on calling development and calling patterned advance, or deficiency of it, within an administration. However, the disadvantage of this methodological analysis is clip devouring procedure because it requires trust to be built and earned between the research workers and the concerned participants or respondents. 4. Research Paradigm and Design 4.1 Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research: Quantitative research is to roll up and analyse the numerical information. Quantitative to a great extent focuses on mensurating the graduated table, scope, frequence etc. of the phenomena in the natural universe. This type of research is normally extremely elaborate and structured and the Research consequences can be easy reached and presented statistically. Harmonizing to, Quantitative research refers to the systematic empirical probe of societal phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques. The aim of quantitative research is to develop and use mathematical theoretical accounts, theories and/or hypotheses refering to phenomena. The procedure of measuring is cardinal to quantitative research because it provides the cardinal connexion between empirical observation and mathematical look of quantitative relationships. By contrast, Qualitative research is more subjective in nature than Quantitative research and related to analyzing and reflecting on the less touchable facets of a research capable including values, attitudes and perceptual experiences. Although this type of research can be easier to get down, it can be frequently hard to construe and show the findings and the findings and analysis can besides be challenged more easy because this methodological analysis to a great extent depends on the thoughts, sentiments or point of views of the participants. After sing the pros and cons of Quantitative and Qualitative research, the writer decides to use both of them in this thesis with the end of increasing the dependability of the research paper. Furthermore, the writer non merely distributes questionnaires for respondents in individual but besides conducts interviews with related participants to acquire information and information on the research issues. And therefore, the research consequences will include both qualitative work and quantitative work. 4.2 Basis Research V. Applied Research The purpose of Basic Research is to better cognition by and large without any peculiar applied intent. It means that Basis Research is related to theory merely, non to be applied in the natural universe, in a certain state of affairs or in other instance surveies. By contrast, Applied Research is designed from the start to use its findings to a peculiar state of affairs. In this thesis, the writer conducts this research paper to be applied in the existent universe for happening the ways to actuate parttime advisers in T and C Company. It is besides one of the defined aims of this thesis. 3.3.4 Deductive Approach vs. Inductive Approach In this portion, the writer wants to critically see the two methods including deductive attack and inductive attack. Deductive attack alleged top-down attack evaluates the job from a general to a specific position. By contrast, in inductive method, the research worker must travel from specific observations to broader theories, alleged bottom-up method. The difference between the two methods is inductive method uses the information to bring forth thoughts while the deductive method starts with an thought or theoretical model and uses informations to turn out or confute the beginning thought. Researchers normally apply both of the two attacks. A research worker may get down with an inductive method, seeking to place forms in the information and set up classs by which the staying information is coded. In the following measure, some theoretical concepts can be consulted to explicate and measure the classs. Using deductive attack, research worker can develop a hypothesis utilizing the ory. Data will be collected from a broad scope of beginnings to reject or corroborate the hypothesis that has been established at the beginning of the thesis. On the other manus, inductive attack is described as the analysis progresses, more concrete subjects evolve through the acknowledgment of similarities in the observations ( Tesch, 1990 ) . In this thesis, the writer will use both inductive method and deductive method to diversify the manner the writer reaches the aims of the thesis. 5. Research Hypothesis The independent variables were given to mensurate the relationship between the given independent including paysheet, Fringe benefit, Organizational committedness, Organizational Social patterns and Self-actualization and the dependant variable that is the battle of employees. H1: Wage motivates battle of parttime advisers H2: Fringe benefit motivates battle of parttime advisers H3: Organizational committedness motivates battle of parttime advisers H4: Organizational Social patterns motivate battle of parttime advisers H5: Self-actualization/job enrichment motivates battle of parttime advisers These hypotheses will be tested through empirical informations collected in the following phase of the research 6. Datas Collection Roll uping informations is really important measure to maintain on record for farther usage, to do of import determinations about different issues and other personal intents, and in this thesis, roll uping informati