English In The Indian Subcontinent

English in the Indian Subcontinent Just as in the Caribbean, the English Language arrived in South Asia as a result of colonisation. Unlike its history in the Caribbean, however, English has always co-existed in the Indian subcontinent alongside thousands of local languages. So for most of the population, it has only ever been a second language. The origins of English in India The British first arrived in India in the early 1600s and soon established trading posts in a number of cities under the control of The East India Company.By 1765 the Company’s influence had grown to such an extent that the British were effectively controlling most parts of the country. This date is often taken as the start of what is referred to as The Raj — a period of British rule in India that lasted until Independence in 1947. Initially English was only taught to the local population through the work of Christian missionaries — there were no official attempts to force the language on t he masses.But by the 1700s, English had firmly established itself as the language of administration and many educated Indians were demanding instruction in English as a means of social advancement. By 1857 universities had opened in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. English was increasingly accepted as the language of government, of the social elite, and of the national press. After Independence After Independence, India became a nation state, and it was intended that English would gradually be phased out as the language of administration.But there was no simple solution as to which language should replace it. At first Hindi, the most widely spoken language, seemed the obvious choice, but following violent protests in 1963 in the state of Tamil Nadu against the imposition of Hindi as a national language, opinion has remained divided. In a country with over 900 million people and more than a thousand languages, it is difficult to choose a single national language, as mother tongue speaker s of that language would automatically enjoy greater social status and have easier access to positions of power and influence.Even Ghandi, a proponent of a native variety as a national language, accepted that his message was most widely understood if expressed in English. So, although English is not an indigenous language, it remains as an ‘Associate Language’ in India, alongside Hindi, the ‘Official Language of the Union of India’ and eighteen ‘National Languages', such as Bengali, Gujurati and Urdu, that have a special status in certain individual states. English in India today Despite continued pressure from nationalists, English remains at the heart of Indian society.It is widely used in the media, in Higher Education and government and therefore remains a common means of communication, both among the ruling classes, and between speakers of mutually unintelligible languages. According to recent surveys, approximately 4% of the Indian population us e English. That figure might seem insignificant, but out of the total population this represents 35 million speakers — the largest English-speaking community outside the USA and the UK. In addition there are speakers of English in other parts of South Asia, such as Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, where English plays a similar role.English is virtually a mother tongue for many educated South Asians, but for the vast majority it remains a second language. This means there are speakers whose spoken English is heavily influenced by speech patterns of their ethnic language, alongside those whose speech reveals nothing of their racial background and some who are ranged somewhere in between. Asian influence There are a number of elements that characterise the more ‘extreme’ forms of South Asian English. In terms of pronunciation, many speakers do not differentiate between the sounds and .They might also replace in words like think and this with a and sound, as no In dian languages contain these consonants. Under the influence of traditional Hindi grammar, speakers often use progressive tenses in statements, such as I am believing you or she is liking music. Anyone who has experience of speech in the UK's Asian communities will also have encountered the phenomenon of code-switching — mixing words, phrases or even whole sentences from two different languages within the same conversation.The occasional or even frequent use of a Hindi (or Urdu, Punjabi, Gujurati etc.) word or expression within an English sentence can communicate a great sense of shared identity or solidarity with other speakers. This characteristic feature of Asian speech has led commentators to coin popular terms, such as Hinglish (i. e. Hindi English) or Pinglish (i. e. Pakistani English). The table below gives several examples of speakers using a number of pronunciations and grammatical constructions that are typical of speech on the Indian subcontinent. All the audio cli ps are taken from recent BBC interviews and come from spontaneous conversation and therefore reflect the natural reflexes of South Asian English.The left hand column lists each feature, while the second column gives an explanation. The list is by no means comprehensive, but by clicking on the sound file you can hear an extract from a recording of a speaker using the target feature. English in India Officially English has a status of assistant language, but in fact it is the most important language of India. After Hindi it is the most commonly spoken language in India and probably the most read and written language in India. Indians who know English will always try to show that they know English.English symbolizes in Indians minds, better education, better culture and higher intellect. Indians who know English often mingle it with Indian languages in their conversations. It is also usual among Indians to abruptly move to speak fluent English in the middle of their conversations. Engl ish also serves as the communicator among Indians who speak different language. English is very important in some systems – legal, financial, educational, business – in India. Until the beginning of 1990s, foreign movies in India weren’t translated or dubbed in Indian languages, but were broadcast in English and were meant for English speakers only.The reason Indians give such importance to English is related to the fact that India was a British colony (see Europeans in India). When the British started ruling India, they searched for Indian mediators who could help them to administer India. The British turned to high caste Indians to work for them. Many high caste Indians, especially the Brahmans worked for them. The British policy was to create an Indian class who should think like the British, or as it was said then in Britain â€Å"Indians in blood and color but English in taste, in opinions and morals and intellect†.The British also established in Ind ia universities based on British models with emphasis on English. These Indians also got their education in British universities. The English Christian missionaries came to India from 1813 and they also built schools at primary level for Indians in which the language of instruction was local language. Later on the missionaries built high schools with English as the language of instruction which obliged the Indians who wanted to study to have a good knowledge of English.The British rulers began building their universities in India from 1857. English became the first language in Indian education. The ‘modern’ leaders of that era in India also supported English language and claimed it to be the main key towards success. Indians who knew good English were seen as the new elite of India. Many new schools were established in which the language of instruction was English. According to the British laws the language of instruction at university level was English and therefore sc hools that emphasized English were preferred by ambitious Indians.Even after India’s independence, English remained the main language of India. Officially it was given a status of an assistant language and was supposed to terminate officially after 15 years of India’s independence, but it still remains the important language of India. Even today schools in India that emphasis English are considered better schools and the same is the case at university levels, even though there is a trend towards Indianization. In the 1970s and 1980s about one third of the Indian schools had English as their first language.For most of these students, English is their first language and it is easier for them to communicate, read and write in English than in Indian languages, including their mother tongues. Just like the Americans, Australians or even the British who have their unique English words and phrases, the Indians also have their own unique English. The Indians and the Indian Eng lish language press uses many words derived from Indian languages, especially from Hindi. Other than that, the Indian accent is sometimes difficult for non-Indians to understand. There are some Indian pronunciations that don’t exist in non Indian languages.The British also had problems with that and they caused some changes in Indian words so that they could pronounce them. Even the Indians started using these changed words and made them part of their English. Two examples of such changed words are currey and sari. your score. English as a National Foreign Language India has two national languages for central administrative purposes: Hindi and English. Hindi is the national, official, and main link language of India. English is an associate official language. The Indian Constitution also officially approves twenty-two regional languages for official purposes.Dozens of distinctly different regional languages are spoken in India, which share many characteristics such as grammat ical structure and vocabulary. Apart from these languages, Hindi is used for communication in India. The homeland of Hindi is mainly in the north of India, but it is spoken and widely understood in all urban centers of India. In the southern states of India, where people speak many different languages that are not much related to Hindi, there is more resistance to Hindi, which has allowed English to remain a lingua franca to a greater degree.Since the early 1600s, the English language has had a toehold on the Indian subcontinent, when the East India Company established settlements in Chennai, Kolkata, and Mumbai, formerly Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay respectively. The historical background of India is never far away from everyday usage of English. India has had a longer exposure to English than any other country which uses it as a second language, its distinctive words, idioms, grammar and rhetoric spreading gradually to affect all places, habits and culture. In India, English serve s two purposes.First, it provides a linguistic tool for the administrative cohesiveness of the country, causing people who speak different languages to become united. Secondly, it serves as a language of wider communication, including a large variety of different people covering a vast area. It overlaps with local languages in certain spheres of influence and in public domains. Generally, English is used among Indians as a ‘link’ language and it is the first language for many well-educated Indians. It is also the second language for many who speak more than one language in India.The English language is a tie that helps bind the many segments of our society together. Also, it is a linguistic bridge between the major countries of the world and India. English has special national status in India. It has a special place in the parliament, judiciary, broadcasting, journalism, and in the education system. One can see a Hindi-speaking teacher giving their students instructions during an educational tour about where to meet and when their bus would leave, but all in English. It means that the language permeates daily life.It is unavoidable and is always expected, especially in the cities. The importance of the ability to speak or write English has recently increased significantly because English has become the de facto standard. Learning English language has become popular for business, commerce and cultural reasons and especially for internet communications throughout the world. English is a language that has become a standard not because it has been approved by any ‘standards’ organization but because it is widely used by many information and technology industries and recognized as being standard.The call centre phenomenon has stimulated a huge expansion of internet-related activity, establishing the future of India as a cyber-technological super-power. Modern communications, videos, journals and newspapers on the internet use English and h ave made ‘knowing English’ indispensable. The prevailing view seems to be that unless students learn English, they can only work in limited jobs. Those who do not have basic knowledge of English cannot obtain good quality jobs. They cannot communicate efficiently with others, and cannot have the benefit of India’s rich social and cultural life.Men and women who cannot comprehend and interpret instructions in English, even if educated, are unemployable. They cannot help with their children’s school homework everyday or decide their revenue options of the future. A positive attitude to English as a national language is essential to the integration of people into Indian society. There would appear to be virtually no disagreement in the community about the importance of English language skills. Using English you will become a citizen of the world almost naturally. English plays a dominant role in the media.It has been used as a medium for inter-state communica tion and broadcasting both before and since India’s independence. India is, without a doubt, committed to English as a national language. The impact of English is not only continuing but increasing. IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH IN INDIA In our country English is important for a number of reasons. India is a land of diversity. Different people speak different languages. A person of Tamil Nadu does not speak Hindi. So he can't understand Hindi of a person from North India. However he can understand in English.So English is alink language. Different people can communicate with one another with the help of English. Secondly,all advanced knowledge in science,technology and medicine is available in English. The results of the latest researches come to india through the medium of English. If we give up English,we will lag behind in the higher fields of study. Today the world has become one family. It is all due to English. English is an international language. English is the language of th e Constitution,the Supreme Court,the High Courts and official departments.English is now firmly rooted in the soil of India. It has become a part of Indian life. Thus English has great importance for the integrity of India. It has to be second language in our contry for the better development of the country. Summary: A look at the importance of English in India and the world. Read more at http://www. usingenglish. com/articles/importance-english-language. html#tv8TJv6iPHuq8AYh. 99 A language is a systematic means of communication by the use of sounds or conventional symbols. It is the code we all use to express ourselves and communicate to others.It is a communication by word of mouth. It is the mental faculty or power of vocal communication. It is a system for communicating ideas and feelings using sounds, gestures, signs or marks. Any means of communicating ideas, specifically, human speech, the expression of ideas by the voice and sounds articulated by the organs of the throat an d mouth is a language. This is a system for communication. A language is the written and spoken methods of combining words to create meaning used by a particular group of people.Language, so far as we know, is something specific to humans, that is to say it is the basic capacity that distinguishes humans from all other living beings. Language therefore remains potentially a communicative medium capable of expressing ideas and concepts as well as moods, feelings and attitudes. A set of linguists who based their assumptions of language on psychology made claims that language is nothing but ‘habit formation’. According to them, language is learnt through use, through practice. In their view, ‘the more one is exposed to the use of language, the better one learns’.Written languages use symbols (characters) to build words. The entire set of words is the language’s vocabulary. The ways in which the words can be meaningfully combined is defined by the langua ge’s syntax and grammar. The actual meaning of words and combinations of words is defined by the language’s semantics. The latest and the most advanced discoveries and inventions in science and technology are being made in the universities located in the United States of America where English language is the means of scientific discourse.The historical circumstances of India (having been ruled by the British for over two centuries) have given the Indians an easy access to mastering English language, and innumerable opportunities for advancement in the field of science and technology. Many Indians have become so skilled in English language and have won many international awards for creative and comparative literatures during the last few years. Sometime ago, an Indian author, Arundhati Roy, won the prestigious booker prize for her book â€Å"The God of Small Things†.Her book sold lakhs of copies all over the globe. Over the years, English language has become one of our principal assets in getting a global leadership for books written by Indian authors and for films made by Indians in English language. A famous Indian movie maker Shekhar Kapoor’s film â€Å"Elizabeth† has got several nominations for Oscar Awards. It does not require any further argument to establish the advantage English language has brought to us at the international level. English language comes to our aid in our commercial transactions throughout the globe.English is the language of the latest business management in the world and Indian proficiency in English has brought laurels to many Indian business managers. English is a means not only for international commerce; it has become increasingly essential for inter-state commerce and communication. In India, people going from North to South for education or business mostly communicate in English, which has become a link language. Keeping this in mind, the Parliament has also recognized English as an official l anguage in addition to Hindi.All the facts of history and developments in present day India underline the continued importance of learning English in addition to vernaculars. Some of the states of India are witnessing popular increase in public demand for teaching of English language from the primary classes. Realizing the importance, recently, the Minister of Indian Railways, Laloo Prasad Yadav, demands teaching of English language in schools. The great demand for admission in English medium schools throughout the country is a testimony to the attraction of English to the people of India.Many of the leaders, who denounce English, send their own children to English medium schools. Many of the schools in the country have English as the sole or additional medium of instruction. A language attracts people because of the wealth of literature and knowledge enshrined in it. English poses no danger to Indian languages. The Indian languages are vibrant and are developing by the contribution s of great minds using them as their vehicle of expression. English is available to us as a historical heritage in addition to our own language.We must make the best use of English to develop ourselves culturally and materially so that we can compete with the best in the world of mind and matter. English language is our window to the world. English language is one tool to establish our viewpoint. We can learn from others experience. We can check the theories of foreigners against our experience. We can reject the untenable and accept the tenable. We can also propagate our theories among the international audience and readers.We can make use of English to promote our worldview and spiritual heritage throughout the globe. Swami Vivekananda established the greatness of Indian view of religion at the world conference of religions in Chicago in 1893. He addressed the gathering in impressive English. Many spiritual gurus have since converted thousands of English people to our spirituality by expressing their thought and ideas in masterful English. English has thus become an effective means of promoting Indian view of life, and strengthening our cultural identity in the world.When William Caxton set up his printing press in London (1477) the new hybrid language (vernacular English mixed with courtly French and scholarly Latin) became increasingly standardized, and by 1611, when the Authorized (King James) Version of the Bible was published, the educated English of London had become the core of what is now called Standard English. By the time of Johnson’s dictionary (1755) and the American Declaration of Independence (1776), English was international and recognizable as the language we use today.The Orthography of English was more or less established by 1650 and, in England in particular, a form of standard educated speech, known as Received Pronunciation (RP) spread from the major public schools in the 19th century. This accent was adopted in the early 20th ce ntury by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) for its announcers and readers, and is variously known as RP, BBC English, Oxford English, and the King’s or Queen’s English. Generally, Standard English today does not depend on accent but rather on shared educational experience, mainly of the printed language.Present-day English is an immensely varied language, having absorbed material from many other tongues. It is spoken by more than 300 million native speakers, and between 400 and 800 million foreign users. It is the official language of air transport and shipping; the leading language of science, technology, computers, and commerce; and a major medium of education, publishing, and international negotiation. For this reason, scholars frequently refer to its latest phase as World English. Read more at http://www. usingenglish. com/articles/importance-english-language. html#l0tZymxyFrQpCsKi. 99

Public Health Nursing Acts in Emergency Disasteres

he assignment for this paper asks about a disaster that could happen in my community. A disaster is any natural or human-made incident that causes disruption, and or devastation requiring external assistance (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012, p.508). The purpose of the paper is to provide information how the professional nurse react in the community when a disaster take place.The disaster selected for the paper is a chemical plant fire explosions. I reside in an area that is reported to have quite a few chemical plants. In terms of human-made disaster prevention, the nurse should be aware of high-risk targets and current vulnerabilities and what can be done to eliminate or mitigate the vulnerability (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012, p.512). Preventing, preparing for, responding to, and recovering from disasters and emergencies are the nurse roles for emergency disasters. Clinical judgment and decision-making skills Public health nurses’ skills are necessary to provide temporary housing, with basic health needs such as water and food resources, for people who must evacuate their homes and provides a safe place to eat, sleep.Age specifics are taken into consideration because of vulnerability and care need for the older adult population and children. Developing and testing systems for childcare and elder-care during public health emergencies could reduce the burden of competing responsibilities for nurses (O'Boyle, Robertson, & Secor-Turner, 2006). Children require special protection, especially nursing babies, infants and under-fives (ODPEM, 1989). Several nurses skilled to practice safely and competent are necessary for patient care in the event of a disaster in the community. The nurses must have knowledge of the environmental factors and the risk they put to themselves and other during the disaster.The public health nurse’s knowledge of the geographical locations of medical facilities and clinic to transport patients seriously injured needing care are impor tant to all persons involve in the disaster. Nurses need awareness of the surrounding medical facilities and services provided in their area, including alternate care sites and medical shelters (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012). The public nurses are educated, trained and  skilled to respond quickly to aid in the disaster. Nurses have unique skills for all aspects of disaster to include assessment, priority setting, collaboration, and addressing of both preventive and acute care needs (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012, p.511).The nurses provide education and emotional support to the community. It is the role of the public health nurse to communicate with all healthcare professionals such as physician, other nurses, emergency medical team, the emergency coordinator, and fire department personnel actively participating in the emergency disaster. Communication with health care participants will assist them in rapidly establishing priorities and necessary actions during the emergency disaster. C ommunication and collaboration among other health care professionals is critical for delivering safe effective patient care all areas of care.The nurses prepared at the Baccalaureate level must have knowledge of laws and ethics when making clinical judgments, and decision making. Nurses incorporate critical thinking, research and evidence base practice, informatics, cultural sensitivity and awareness in their practice when communicating information to other health care professional. Nurses prepared at the Baccalaureate level are educated to use respectful communication and collaboration to aid in care coordination, delegation, and conflict resolution in any situation when caring for patients and individual in the community.Developing partnerships between public and private health-care, emergency management, and law enforcement entities, while using current technology to promote timely disease identification and reporting, can improve the daily capacity of a community to respond to i llness and disease regardless of magnitude (CDC, 2013). Nursing StrategiesThere are strategies nurses can use in emergency disaster before it takes place. Work with the community providing education and teaching to identify hazards that could affect their local area. Use communication techniques holding public meetings and events for the community geared towards improving the public's understanding of a disaster and how to address disasters that may arise. The health and safety of the community following a disaster of any kind, therefore, depends on the ability of its residents to be â€Å"disaster ready.† (Adams, L., Canclini., S., 2008).Provide clear in-depth information about the chemicals hazards and the importance of  an organized response to the emergency of a chemical plant explosion. Encourage colleagues, by increasing awareness that disaster do happen in our communities. provide knowledgeable information about disasters. Set up programs with communities and facilit ies practicing drills and communication techniques. Drills enhance confidence in systems, individuals, procedures, and equipment (O'Boyle, Robertson, & Secor-Turner, 2006). Nursing leadership for prevention, preparedness and recovery is critical to ensure a multi-disciplinary, coordinated and evidence-based response for chemical plant disaster.Although public health nurses can function in many capacities, they are most likely to be deployed to the â€Å"operations section† because they bring leadership capacity, broad understanding of community systems, nursing knowledge, skills, and abilities (ASTDN 2007). During a public health emergency, occupational health nurses can be instrumentals in facilitating schedules and assignments that limit worker exposure to physically and psychologically over-whelming events (O'Boyle, Robertson, & Secor-Turner, 2006). Minimize errors owing to the absence of communication amongst health professionals.Accurate communication can reduce accident s and fatalities, stress and emotional conflict between health care professionals and the community population. To summarize this paper in short. Public health nurses’ roles are broad. The focus for nurses in the communities is to prevent diseases, provide teaching and education. The public health nurse’s experience and skills in the event of an emergency disaster promotes a positive outcome.

Small Business Program and Source Selection Plans Research Paper

Small Business Program and Source Selection Plans - Research Paper Example As a government Contracting Officer, the programs are qualified for small business through a particular criteria and size standard. This program is not dominant on its operational fields although there are various influences on the national business activities also some business interest primarily engaged in small business (Byrd and Megginson, 2013). This perspective determines the dominance of the projects in consideration to the market volumes and the number of employees and achieved since the business contractors have the ownership of control material and the nature of the business activities. The Small Business Program today has grown significantly, due to the history since the foundation of the program. For example, in the year 1958, The Investment Company Act developed Small Business Investment Company program that regulated and assisted in providing funds for privately own businesses and for the operated venture capital investment firms. Additionally, the program also speciali zed in providing long-term debts and equity investment to small businesses. Thereafter, the Small business Act was used to develop the Equal Opportunity Loan Program that lessened credit and collateral requirement for applicants for the poor people in order to encourage new innovative small businesses that had been unable to attract financial support. Presently, the programs have extended its support to small businesses in management assistance, government contract procurement backing, and a specialized reach to the women and other minority groups (Hillstrom, & Hillstrom, 2002). Evaluate the small business set-aside program concerning the eligibility to participate Primarily, the program provides support to small businesses so the requirements for eligibility are mostly based on the aspects of the business, most importantly; they are based on what the business does to acquire their income, where the business operates, and lastly the character of its ownership. However, there are som e universal requirements that the program needs to be eligible for assistance. First, the business should be a small in America as prescribed by the SBA and should be operating for profits, as a result, it should have reasonable invested equity. Secondly, the business should have the capability of demonstrating that they need the support, and present a reasonable business purpose. Thirdly, the business should not have any existing debt to the American government; also use other alternatives such as personal assets before seeking assistance from the program (Byrd and Megginson, 2013). The small businesses programs focus on eligibility of businesses to participate, and the encouragement of small domestic business to join in national research that has commercialization potential. Since the program is competitive, the program ensures that individuals in small businesses have the ability to participate in different possible activities, and this provides enticement of profits from commerc ialization. These Small business programs are diverse and target different succeeding innovative businesses, for example in technology sector. However, the risk and expense of conducting the product results are usually beyond the means of various small businesses (Swift & Booker, 2003). Through reservation of several factors of federal funds and government contrac

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Structure and Agency in colonial Latin America - Essay Example these articles precisely show that, each individual’s culture influenced his manner of doing things and his reputation but was partly influenced by the environment as well as the authority. Being honored signified dignity, self-control and self-esteem. The Spanish were labeled as honorable and worked very hard to maintain their reputation. The society half accepted the Spanish way of life as ethical and moral. According to Mark Burkholder, following the Spanish culture and being religiously converted was a means of acquiring honor. Spanish men viewed each religious act as morally right otherwise a dishonor. The society at large, accepted maintaining a religious marriage in addition to adopting the new milieu of labor and occupation as norms. The Spanish elite maintained titles which made them more honorable than the natives. Spanish men were either in political positions or masters to their slaves and therefore acted in manner not to lower their reputation. Honor is associated with rank, prestige and allowance to perform some rituals as it was the case of priests. In a common notion, being a priest awarded you respect not only to fellow race members but from other clas ses as well. Honor determined ones political influence and eligibility. Given that it was only the elite group that contained rights to determine political leaders; Ann Twinam and Geoffrey Spurling demonstrate the significance of honor in administrative position eligibility. According to spurling, a priest being accused of sodomy retards his reputation hence causing questions about his leadership. The accusation showed respect to men’s sexual behavior, with the general public viewing sodomy as a sort of dishonor. Men were supposed to remain faithful to and being born out of wedlock was partly considered a dishonor. Twinam examines the disposal of a political candidate based on proscribed birth of his mother. The Spanish not only viewed unfaithfulness as unlawful but as a source of

US Investment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

US Investment - Essay Example The federal government plays the crucial role in funding education in public institutions either through grants or loans. Without the government support more than 400,000 students who would not have access to quality education or employment (Thelin 120). Therefore, the federal government can encourage more investment in education through subsidies in order to promote quality education that leads to better jobs. Limiting subsidies to specific professionals considered crucial for economic development will increase competence in technical areas; increase job stability and marketability of the workers hence increase in global competence of the economy (Flores 78). However, it will have adverse effects because some students will not join their careers of choice, increase unemployment due to congestion in particular careers and increase of illiteracy rate for those who cannot afford to take careers of their choice (Flores 79). Increasing subsidies to the certain profession will violate the economic principle that upholds government market outcomes because it will increase inequalities of sharing national resources (Mankiw 64). In conclusion, education is essential for economic growth hence government support through subsidies increases the literacy rate, employment opportunities, and improvement in the living standards. The government should offer uniform support in all professions while attractiveness of the labor market determines the choice individuals make when choosing their

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Amazon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Amazon - Essay Example Feasibility study should be performed on the basis of various criteria and parameters. The various feasibility studies are (1) Economic Feasibility, (2) Operational Feasibility and (3) Technical Feasibility. Their strategies include low price and free shipment. This factor played an important role in the long-term development of the company. The cheaper prices of goods with high quality and further free shipment attracted many. Another factor is the customer service. Customer plays an important role in the development of the company because it is the customer who uses the product that was developed by the companies and Amazon's services were good at it. To stay and hold the position in the present competitive market Amazon has planned to expand its business outside US like Eastern Europe and Far East Asia. Amazon is encouraging other companies to advertise their product on their website. A study has shown that Amazon would make more profit in diversifying than expanding. TOWA matrix (Threats-Opportunities-Weaknesses-Strengths) has been used to develop feasible alternative strategies. The matrix consists of four quadrants. They are (1) using strengths to overcome weaknesses, First quadrant concentrates on possible strength-opportunity strategies. Important factors are to hire highly skilled workers, wide brand recognition, customer satisfaction, effectively and efficiently raising capital resources, etc. Second quadrant concentrates on possible strength-threat strategies. Important threats that have to overcome are changing government regulations, seasonal shopping, and competition from ebay and Wal-Mart, protect business and customer information, currency exchange, etc. Third and Fourth quadrants concentrates on Possible Weakness-Opportunity Strategies and Possible Weakness-Threat Strategy. Third quadrant looks at reviewing product, develop standards up to the customer satisfaction, etc. Fourth quadrant looks at implementing backup systems, implementing policies to protect and avoid security risks. References Fortunato, Frank. (2005, September 25). Selling Books Online: Book Listing Services vs. eBay. Matrix-E.com. Retrieved May 16, 2006, from http://www.matrix-e.com/content/view/63/9/ Chevalier, Judith, and Goolsbee, Austan. (2003, April). Measuring prices and price competition online: Amazon and Barnes and Noble. Retrieved May 16, 2006, from http://gsbwww.uchicago.edu/fac/austan.goolsbee/research/amzn.pdf Frey, Christine, and Cook, John. (2004, January 8). How Amazon.comsurvived, thrived and turned a profit. Seattle Post-Intelligence.Retrieved May 16, 2006, from http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/business/158315_amazon28.htmlsource=techdirt

Personal background Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal background - Essay Example Choosing to seek a career in business was a mistake. I have always found great satisfaction in helping, supporting and caring for others. I also am very curios about the medical field and have a desire to gain medical knowledge. After finishing my studies, I could see that a career in Business would not provide this but a career in Nursing would. Although I was aware that I did not want to pursue a career in Business, I did not want to end my studies as I am a very committed to finish in whatever I have started. This is why I finished school with a Business degree. Prior to studying Business, I gained four years of care experience in a nursing home for the elderly. This is where my love for caring and looking after vulnerable people developed. My people skills have significantly improved throughout my years working as a carer. I have gained excellent skills that help me communicate with people from diverse backgrounds and with people who have hearing or mental health disabilities. I have also gained experience in dealing with emotionally and physically demanding patients. A key skill in this process is observing behaviour change in patients. I believe I can transfer my experiences and skills in this area towards my Adult Nursing study. My role as a healthcare worker involved caring for people with ageing related illnesses such as neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory diseases, joint illnesses and cancer. I was assigned to observe five service users as a nurse and key worker as well. I worked closely with health care professionals such as district nurses, general practitioners and social workers. My duties included writing out care plans, recording changes in needed care and interacting with the family members of the service user. These duties have given me essential skills in promoting privacy and dignity whilst enhancing independence for the service receiver. Giving excellent person-centered care has always been one of my highest priorities. Through my work , I have managed to obtain a NVQ 2 in health and social care and other certificates such as Recorded and Administered Medication, four day training in Dementia Care and five day training for End of Life Care. I have obtained these certificates while working as a carer and studying for my HND business degree at the same. I found this challenging to combine my study with full time work, however, it has made me realize that I am a determined individual who is keen to work hard in order to achieve my goals. I truly enjoy working as a carer and working with people. I believe that I will have the same affection when I become a nurse. I believe nursing is a form self-enrichment and inherently rewarding work. The reason why I want to progress further from health care worker to Nurse is because during my work, I always felt the need to take on more responsibilities and showed curiosity in gaining in-depth medical/healthcare knowledge. I am excited to begin studying in an Adult Nursing course and I will most definitely enjoy applying the theory learned in class. I have chosen the Adult Nursing BSc because I have the option to specialize in many different areas of healthcare, thus giving me a variety of choices when the course is completed. Adult Nursing is the ideal career choice for me as it enables me to study something that I am not only interested in but passionate about, ensuring that day in, day out, I will know that I have a career in which I can truly make a

Market Analysis of Coca Cola as a Global Brand Assignment

Market Analysis of Coca Cola as a Global Brand - Assignment Example The discussion seeks to answer the question: Why in the world, among the different categories and sectors of the global market, Coca Cola has happened to successfully penetrate and retain its market internationally and become the most valuable brand at the global scale level? The Coca Cola as a brand is not limited only to its Coca Cola soft drinks. As mentioned earlier, it encompasses a wide array of categories of beverages like soft drinks, sports drinks, energy drinks, water, ready – to – drink juices, teas, as well as coffees. Moreover, Coca Cola has managed to venture their products into new opportunities through different product variants in these different categories of beverages. The Coca Cola products are not without issues. In point of fact, a worldwide hate campaign, Killer Coke, is formed against The Coca Cola Company and is calling to boycott its products. Primarily, its products are criticised for their adverse possible negative effects on health among its consumer as a carbonated and sweetened drink. It produces nothing but products detrimental to health which can lead to death. Since Coca Cola products are high in sugar and calorie content, they fuel the prevalence of obesity and diabetes in the whole world. Some of chemical components and food dyes used in these products are identified to cause cancer. Caffeine, a substance causing physical dependence, is also present in these products. Nonetheless, in the soft drink category, Pepsi, RC Cola, and other local competitor brands are just behind Coca Cola. Despite the issues faced by Coca Cola, its consumers across the globe remain loyal to the brand and the brand has managed to be on top among the other sectors of beverages. Each of the Coca Cola products is positioned to target specific market. For example, the original version of Coke is not only serving as refreshment for an individual but is seen as a special part of the modern times. It functions as means of bonding to family as well, especially when having the traditional dining. While on the one hand, Diet Coke and Coke Zero target those who are health conscious and do not want to gain additional weight due to drinking soft drinks. Coke Zero is positioned as a no sugar and no calorie version of Coke. For those who do not want to ingest caffeine, there is also Caffeine – Free Coca Cola. For those who still want a fruity taste of soda, Coca Cola has its cherry, lime, citra, light sango and orange soda variants. For those who are not into soft drinks, Coca Cola also has ventured in RTD juices like Minute Maid which is positioned as a product with real pulps of fruits like orange. Because of the pulps in Minute Maid, it is considered by the consumers as a healthy citrus drink in the beverage sector. The Coca Cola Company has a

Consumers Activities and Consumption Assignment

Consumers Activities and Consumption - Assignment Example Anthony Giddens has theorized consumption as a concurrent basis and therapeutic response to the predicament of identities, originating from the pluralization of societies, their values as well as knowledge within the post-traditional social universe. Other post-modernists consumption researchers, like Baudrillard, have theorized consumption and the practices of consumer society as the semiotic system whereby signs are consumed and not just the products. For instance, societies are recognized by the institution and expansion of exchange networks by which individuals acquire essential goods plus services. This is evident in the messages in which firms convey, such as the Scotland Food & Drink Ltd vision which states that in order to make Scotland globally acknowledged as a place of quality food and drink, they bring together their clients to discuss the organization successes, its problems, and ideas. Hence, the firm harness the combined resources of its entire supply chain and the con sumer s within the general public so as to celebrate their products. According to Don Slater, the consumer culture is an engine for redirecting any reflection of critical consciousness towards product desires, whereby the trouncing of consciousness is characterized by manipulation as well as persuasion. Furthermore, the consumption and consumer society is theorized as an opulent and materially satisfying consciousness that has replaced the real society with desires which are more purposeful to capitalism.

Logically Social Essay Example for Free

Logically Social Essay The article is titled â€Å"Logically Social† on which it tackles the role played by Logic in mans social being. As I study mans social being, I have learned that it will involve language, the fundamental tool for communication. A good example is a relationship between speakers and listeners whereas the speakers must establish the truth of what they say and express and uses reasoning as a way of relating to listeners and the listeners play their part by understanding the message we receive and like the speakers they use reasoning as the means of analyzing the intended meaning of the speaker. Reasoning is one of the objects of study in Logic, which is a fundamental learning to me. I also learned that Logic constitutes two basic types of reasoning, the inductive and the deductive which are both necessary for the correct understanding of a matter. I’m enlightened that under the province of logic there is a hodgepodge of studies under the realm of reasoning: the criteria for our arguments to be valid, the conditions for the statements become true, the fallacies we commit, the norms in properly defining terms, and the way to eliminate ambiguity and vagueness in our expressions. I can also tell that Language is Logic because it prompts us the proper usage of language and it is an objective standard that work in authentically effective communication. I’ve been made aware that logic facilitates the option of choosing among ambiguous, vague, or definite terms that are useful for every call of usage. Like poetry, we must use vague or ambiguous terms for aesthetics. Also when clarity is of prime concern, it must use well defined or exact terms. As I read through I’ve observed that logic plays a big role in the grammatical construction of sentences; good usage of logic means a choice between misleading or precise sentences. I’ve learned that misleading sentences falls in two categories: vague and ambiguous. Ambiguous sentences are those that have two or more meaning and it’s vague when its meaning is not determined with precision. Now I learned that an argument is basically a group of statements, one of which is the conclusion and the rest are the premises. Upon learning I also procured the two kinds of argument based on the two kinds of reasoning that: deductive and inductive. A reasoning or argument is deductive if the premises claim to give conclusive grounds for the truth of the conclusion, or if the premises claim to support the conclusion with necessity. Deductive argument is therefore either valid or invalid. I have learned that to make a deductive argument valid, the premises that should be assumed are true. It will be inconsistent and self-contradictory to accept these premises but deny its conclusion, because the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises. I have also acquired the meaning of invalid deductive argument, where the conclusion does not follow necessarily from the premise/s. I have also learned that when you reason inductively on the other hand, you infer a general conclusion from a collection of particular facts. Whereas deductive argument is either valid or invalid, inductive argument is either reliable or unreliable. I have known for the fact that inductive reasoning to be reliable; the conclusion must be based on ample amount of individual representative instances. I must be aware not to confuse inductive argument with invalid deductive argument because its difference between deduction and induction is not the difference between good and bad reasoning, but between two ways to support the truth of conclusions. I’ve learned that when creating argumentative paragraph in writing or speaking, logic prescribes that we can use both valid deductive and reliable inductive argument. To sum all this up, what logic warns us from, when it comes to using arguments is the use of invalid deductive and unreliable inductive argument.

Twelve Who Ruled and Robert Roswell Palmer Essay Example for Free

Twelve Who Ruled and Robert Roswell Palmer Essay The book, Twelve Who Ruled, covers a very complex period, the French Revolution. Robert Roswell Palmer; author of the book, brings our attention of twelve men who have a chance to change society, institutions, and political beliefs. Palmer takes our thoughts drawn to the brutality and dictatorship of this time period and shares with us how idealism can conrupt and damage a nation as a whole. Oppression is the sense and theme of emotion I feel when reading this book. How can a man like Robert Roswell Palmer be an author of a well-written masterpiece? Robert Roswell Palmer or professionally known as R. R. Palmer, was born on January 11, 1909 in Chicago, Illinois. In high school, he accelerated in his academics. Motivated by his teachers, Palmer competed for a citywide â€Å"Latin prize† and earned a full ride scholarship to the University of Chicago. He received his PHD from Cornell University in 1934, specializing in 18th-century France. Palmers talents brought him an instructorship at Princeton University in 1936. Palmer spent World War II in Washington, D.C., where he put his intellectual skills to work for the War Department. Palmer married Esther Howard in 1942 and had three children. After the war and progressing in his marriage, he was a proud supervisor and contributor of a project that resulted in the postwar publication of two volumes, Organization of Ground Combat Troops (1947) and Procurement and Training of Ground Combat Troops (1948). After the war he returned to Princeton where he taught for three decades and authored seven of his books, Catholics and Unbelievers in 18th-Century France; published in 1939, Twelve Who Ruled; published in 1941, and The Improvement of Humanity: Education and the French Revolution; published in 1985, Rand McNally Atlas of World History, first published in 1957 and still used today by many college professors. At age 43 he was named Princetons Dodge Professor of History from 1952 to 1963 and he began the latter part of his academic career by assuming administrative duties as Dean of Arts and Sciences at Washington University, St. Louis from 1963 to 1966. Later on he returned to his first passion, writing and teaching. At the age of 60, he accepted a professorship at Yale University, from which he retired in 1977. Palmer returned to Princeton where he was a guest scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study. For the last several years, Palmer and his family lived at Newtown, Pennsylvania and where he would pass away on June 11, 2002. Palmers career earned him many honors. This includes service as president of the Society for French Historical Studies in 1961 and the American Historical Association in 1970. He was an active member of the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts Sciences. He held visiting professorships at the Universities of Chicago, Colorado, and Michigan, and at the University of Califomia at Berkeley. He was the recipient of several honorary degrees in the United States as well as in Europe. Italys Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei awarded him the Feltrenelli Prize in 1990 in recognition of his lifetime scholarly achievements. R. R. Palmer is a valid source of wanting to know the French Revolution. From knowing his academic background and his well high positive representation, he is a healthy source. Reading his book, Twelve who ruled, seems as if he personally knows the twelve individuals. He brings this time period of great oppression during the French Revolution to life as you progress reading into his book. This book is a great book and a well written masterpiece that will open your eyes.

The Theory And Practice Of Financial Liberalization Economics Essay

The Theory And Practice Of Financial Liberalization Economics Essay Government intervention in the determining of the price and allocation of credit was termed as financial repression by McKinnon and Shaw in early 1970s. Interest rates control by government, credit controls, barriers to entry to financial sector, state control of banking sector, government ownership of banks and restrictions on capital flows are six elements of financial repression identified by Williamson and Mahar (1998). Financial liberalization is one of the main reform strategies of developing economies during the globalization process. Proponents of financial liberalization argue that financial repression is the cause for lower growth rates that otherwise would be higher if open market would decide the flow of capital to projects. Assumed costs associated with repression are described as follows (Caprio et al., 2001): (1) deteriorating growth rates for countries with high levels of financial repression; (2) widespread bank insolvencies as the result of low quality lending; (3) limited access to financial resources for individuals and small firms, whereas wealthy elites take advantageous position in financial repressed system; (4) increased dependence on external financing because of negative real interest rates which results in capital flight; (5) Excessive use of capital-intensive production techniques, because artificial low real interest rates makes those projects attractive; (6) reduced monitoring and financial resource allocation functions of financial intermediaries as the result of state allocation of financ ial resources to inefficient state-owned enterprises; (7) increased risk for external crises, as the result of deteriorating fiscal balances, increased external financing or money printing. McKinnon and Shaw argued that low interest rates or negative interest rates have negative effect on savings rates, which leads to lower amount of funds available for investment through financial intermediaries. Additionally, it results in inefficient allocation of resources as low-yielding investment opportunities would be considered as good investment. It was predicted that after capital account liberalization, capital would be allocated efficiently around the world to the investment opportunities that offer highest rate of return, thus increasing global growth rates and growth rates within individual countries. Furthermore, by being able to invest both internally and externally investors were able to diversify their investment, which would result in lower risks. 2. Financial liberalization: from theory to practice Arestis and Demetriades (1999) state that theoretically financial liberalization can promote economic development by increasing savings, investments, and the productivity of capital. However, much of the evidence from financial liberalization episodes from both developing and developed economies points to significant destabilizing consequences, including incidents of severe financial crises. 2.1 Liberalization: interest rates and savings rates Countries that went through liberalization process, after removal of artificial ceilings on interest rates, experienced high rise of real interest rates. While it is broadly accepted that negative real interest rates have negative effect on saving and investment, this does not mean that high real interest rates have positive impact on savings and investment. For poor developing countries regardless of interest rates level, savings rates will be insensitive to changes as major part of the population lives on near subsistence income (Campbell Mankiw, 1990 ?). Reynoso (1989) states that the rate of savings increase as interest rates move from extreme negative rates to slightly less than zero, but as the interest rates become positive saving rates goes down (Williamson and Mahar, 1998). Chapple (1991) finds that savings rates both at individual and corporate level fell after the implementation of financial liberalization. Bayoumi (1993) found the same effect in UK after financial deregulation in the 1980s. Demetriades and Devereux (1992) examine sixty-three countries from 1961 to 1990 and find that real interest rates are negatively correlated with investment. However, Gelb (1989) finds very weak positive relation between real interest rates and investment. Modestly positive real interest rates in middle-income developing countries may be optimal for maximising savings rates; whereas very negative or high real interest rates are associated with lower savings rates for developing countries. 2.2 Liberalization and financial depth Several measures have been proposed to analyze the depth of the financial sector. Mostly those measures focus on ratios of broad money aggregates (M2, M3) to the size of economy such as money/GDP ratio, which measures the level of the monetization in the economy. The broad money measures are used in the studies, because broad money increases in the faster way in the presence of financial deepening, whereas narrow money (M1 i.e. notes and coins) increase at the same rate as the growth of the economy. Williamson and Mahar (1998) in their studies of thirty-four developed and developing countries find that financial depth increased in all developed countries, except of France, after the liberalization process. With the exception of Philippines, Turkey and Venezuela other developing countries which were analysed in their studies also experienced substantial or moderate financial deepening. 2.3 Liberalization and the efficient allocation of domestic financial resources One of the key arguments for proponents of the financial liberalization was that process would lead to more efficient allocation of financial resources on commercial basis to most productive enterprises, which in turn would increase the level of the productivity and growth rate of the economy. The number of country level (?) analysis supports this view. The studies of Indonesia by Siregar (1992) and Ecuador by Jaramillo (1992) find that credit allocation was shifted to more technologically advanced and efficient firms. Number of studies in Korea (Atiyas, 1992), Mexico (Gelos, 1997), Argentina (Morriset, 1993) and Turkey (Pehlivan, 1996) state that financial liberalization led to greater access and improvement of allocation of credit to smaller firms that have been disadvantaged in repressed system. Galindo, Schiantarelli and Weiss (2007) found strong evidence that liberalization in twelve developing countries resulted in an increase in the efficiency of the allocation of resources. 2.4 Liberalization and the efficient allocation of international financial resources It was predicted that as the result of liberalization, there would be reallocation of global funds from developed countries to developing world, because enterprises in developing and emerging economies had a higher potential for growth. 2.5 Liberalization of capital flows Liberalization of capital flows is also one of the topics in the economic literature with greatest disconnection between the economic theory and the empirical cases. Neoclassical theories suggest that free flows of external capital should be equilibrating and help smooth a countrys consumption and production paths. However, in the real world, liberalization of capital flows has constantly been associated with serious economic and financial crises in Asia and Latin America in the 1990s. There is a large body of empirical work presenting the close link between the liberalization of the financial system and economic and financial crises particularly in developing countries. The recent Asian crisis, for example, is an excellent case for examining the role of capital account liberalization in causing or accelerating the regions financial meltdown. In a recent study by Williamson and Drabek (1998), it is indicated that the only difference between the countries that did or did not have econ omic crisis is the status of their capital account. Their finding is also in parallel with Stiglitzs (2000) study concluding that the growth benefits of capital account liberalization are obscured by the costs of associated volatility. It is now well known that, premature financial liberalization seriously contributed to the occurrence and the depth of the crises in countries like Thailand, Korea and Indonesia even if it was not the origin of the crises. On the other side, India and China, two of the economies with controlled capital accounts, managed to avoid the crisis and sustained their economic growth. Theoretically, it is possible that the instability caused by capital account liberalization is more than compensated for by faster long-run economic growth due to greater availability of capital inflows (Fisher 1997; Summers 2000). Although this statement is frequently suggested by the proponents of liberalization reforms, the results of empirical studies on the effects of capital account liberalization on economic growth are mixed. While Edison, Levine, Ricci and Slock (2002) do not find a strong relation between international integration and economic growth, Borensztein, De Gregorio and Lee (1998) find that there is a positive link between FDI and economic growth when the education level is high in the host country. In contrast, Mody and Murshid (2002) find that there is a one-to-one relation between the capital inflows and the domestic investment, but the link becomes weaker over time. 2.6 Liberalization and financial crises Development of the more sophisticated financial sectors by the contribution of foreign banks and investors is expected to lead to a sustainable economic growth in these economies. However, free capital mobility which is another outcome of the financial integration has led to a highly unstable international financial environment leaving the developing economies in deep financial turmoil. Williamson and Mahar (1998) find in their study of thirty-four countries that went through the process of liberalization, that all of them experienced some form of systemic financial crisis during the period of 1980 and 1997. Even though, crises in twenty-one of these countries followed directly after the liberalization process, and while not all of them were caused by liberalization, it seems very likely that substantial proportion certainly was. Research made by Griffith-Jones and Gottschalk (2004) estimated US$ 1.25 trillion loss in eight countries that had suffered financial crisis, which further worsened situation with poverty in those countries. Eichengreen (2004) estimates that as the result of the currency and banking crises levels of developing countries income fell by 25%. Such fact proves again that financial liberalization process should be implemented only after the establishment of strong regulatory and supervisory mechanisms of the financial sector.

A Sight in Camp in the Daybreak Gray and Dim and I Hear America Singing :: Hear America Singing Essays

A Sight in Camp in the Daybreak Gray and Dim and I Hear America Singing America the great, land of freedom, home of the brave--each of these phrases has been used to describe the United States of America. Walt Whitman was a man who lived through many tough times in this country, but who would prosper as a poet. He was personally affected by all of the death and destruction that he witnessed during the Civil War. "A Sight in Camp in the Daybreak Gray and Dim" and "I Hear America Singing" have some fascinating similarities but include many differences. Although both poems were written by the same man, he seemed to see America in a different light when writing each poem. Each piece uses different tones and images, but they are tied together by the style of writing and use of America as a main subject. In "I Hear America Singing" and "A Sight in Camp in the Daybreak Gray and Dim," Whitman uses differing tones, images, styles of writing, and even different themes to show the splendors and downfalls that America can bring. "I Hear America Singing" and "A Sight in Camp in the Daybreak Gray and Dim" have two very different tones about the same subject. "I Hear America Singing," this poem has a very cheerful, happy, and robust tone which is evident even in the title. Whitman describes many different types of people singing "their strong melodious songs." The different trade each person has represents different ethnic backgrounds in the people of America. Whitman writes this poem to show how wonderful America is and how much he loves living here. "A Sight in Camp in the Daybreak Gray and Dim" has a much different tone. During the civil war, Whitman's brother was wounded while fighting. His experiences while working in hospitals full of wounded and dying people inspired him to write such a dreary poem. Whitman's tone throughout the whole poem is solemn and dreadful. Describing three dead soldiers, Whitman seems to write how cruel and unjust people have been in killing the young, old, and even wh at he sees as "the face of the Christ himself." In each poem, Whitman uses opposite tones to describe America at different times and in different ways.

The Comparative Abundance Of The Elements :: essays research papers

The Comparative Abundance of The Elements - There are 92 naturally occurring elements, only 17 of them make up 99.5% of the earth's crust (including oceans and atmosphere). - In living things (plants, animals, people) the six most abundant elements are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. - The universe is dominated by the elements hydrogen (83%) and helium (16%) 1. The Crust The outside of the earth is a thin crust which is approximately 20 to 40km thick. The crust is a formation of dips and hollows which are filled with water to form the oceans and seas. On top of the earth's crust is an atmosphere, this is a thin layer of gases, 95% of these gases are within the first 20km of the earth's surface. Of the 17 elements that make up 99.5%, the most abundant of these are Oxygen 49.2%, Silicon 25%, and Aluminum 7.5%. Then the next most abundant elements are Iron 4.7%, Calcium 3.4%, Sodium 2.6%, Potassium 2.4%, Magnesium 1.9%, Hydrogen 0.9%, titanium 0.6%, Chlorine 0.2%, Phosphorus Manganese and Carbon are all 0.1%, Sulfur 0.05% Barium 0.04%, Nitrogen 0.03% and the rest of the elements on the periodic table take up about 0.5%.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The elements of the crust are graphed below, but only ones that are the most abundant due to the fact that the abundance of the other elements of the crust are too low to graph accurately on one graph.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Almost all elements are found as compounds, however Oxygen, Nitrogen, and to a lesser extent sulfur, gold, silver and platinum are the only elements which can be found in almost there raw sate. The atmosphere contains Oxygen and nitrogen, but it only contains a small portion of the earth's oxygen, this is because most of the world's oxygen is found in water, oxides of metals, and as silicates. Common soils and clays are silicates. 2. Living Things In living things (plants, animals, people) the six most abundant elements are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur (known as CHONPS). Most compounds in living matter are radically complex, each molecule could contain hundreds or thousand's of atoms. Carbohydrates and fats are compounds which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only. Proteins are also compounds and they contain nitrogen, sulfur and occasionally phosphorus. Living matter cannot live on these six elements alone; even though they make up 99% of the mass, they also need some compounds of other elements such as calcium, potassium, sodium,

Violence in Television Essay -- essays research papers fc

When families sit down to watch television, they expect to watch family type of shows. Family type shows meaning rated PG or PG13, sitcoms and movies that do not include weapons, killing, foul language, and non-socially accepted actions. When children killing, they start to believe that it is accepted. Do children think that killing and hurting others and themselves have little meaning to the real life, children can become traumatized. Most killers or violators of the law blame their behavior on the media, and the way that television portrays violators. Longitudinal studies tracking viewing habits and behavior patterns of a single individual found that 8-year-old boys, who viewed the most violent programs growing up, were the most likely to engage in aggressive and delinquent behavior by age 18 and serious criminal behavior by age 30 (Eron, 1). Most types of violence that occur today links to what people see on television, act out in video games or cyberspace games, or hear in music . Media adds to the violence that exists today and in the past few decades. It will continue in the future if it is not recognized as a possible threat to our society. When kids go to a movie, watch television, play video games or even surf the web, they become part of what they see and hear. Soaking violence in their heads long enough becomes a part of the way they think, acts, and live. The line between pretend and reality gets blurred. Children spend more time learning about life through media than in any other manner. The average child spends approximately twenty-eight hours a week watching television, which is twice as much time as they spend in school (Dietz, 75). According to the American Psychological Association, the average American child views 8,000 murders and 100,000 other acts of violence before finishing elementary school. In addition the average American child will witness over 200,000 acts of violence on television including 16,000 murders before the age of 18 (DuRant, 445). Polls show that three-quarters of the public find television entertainment too violent. When asked to select measures that would reduce violent crime â€Å"a lot†, Americans chose restrictions on television violence more often than gun control. Media shows too much violence that is corrupting the minds children, future leaders of our society. In a study of population data for various countries sh... ... the Internet are all ways that a child can get ideas and bring them out to the real world causing violence. Bibliography: 1.Dr. Leonard Eron, University of Illinois at Chicago, Testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, Subcommittee on Communications, June 12, 1995. 2.Dietz. WH and Gortmacher, SL (1985) Pediatrics, 75,807-812; and Tucker, L.A. (1986) â€Å"Adolescent†, 21, 7970806. 3.DuRant RH, Baranowski T, Johnson M,†. The relationship among television watching, physical activity, and body composition of young children†. Pediatrics. 1999;94:445-449. 4. Robert E. McAfee, M.D., Immediate Past President, American Medical Association, Testimony before House Energy and Commerce Committee Subcommittee on Telecommunications and Finance, June 1994. 5. "An Unbiased Voice in the Word War," The Washington Post, November 8, 1995. 6. Anyamwu E, Harding GF, Jeavons PM, "Telephillic Syndrome" In Pattern and PhotoSensitivity Epilepsy: Report of Three Cases. East Afr Med J. 1995;72:402-405. 7. â€Å"Fighting Media Violence†. www.familyeducation.com 8. Interview, Jean Delaney, 54, Arlington Heights, IL. 9. â€Å"Marilyn Manson.† www.screenit!.com

Albert Bierstadt – Romanticism

During the 19th century Romanticism era, Albert Brassiest was one of the most influential painters brought into this time. Brassiest best known for his paintings that took place in the later sass that predominantly consisted of the landscapes of the American West. Although Brassiest was not the first painter to record these sites, he was the one painter who had people look forward to his own version of these paintings. In the sass, Brassiest went west for the first time and it would change his life as well as the lives of others that got the chance to experience his paintings and ketches.One artwork of his in particular was titled â€Å"The Oregon Trail† (1869). This painting was taken place during The Oregon Trail as Brassiest sketched and painted the emigrants, animals, and wagons being lugged across hundreds of miles Just so these people can try and find land to live and settle on. Comparing Birthrate's ideas and forms of art to the Romanticism Era can basically go hand in hand. Romanticism is a style of art and literature in the late 18th, early 19th century that emphasized the passion and imaginations of people, animals, scenery, etc.This all compares to Birthrate's work, especially The Oregon Trail because Brassiest really seizes the emotion of these people has they walked hundreds of miles in the blazing heat Just to support their families and make something out of them selves. Brassiest was notorious for making viewers feel the same way he did as he was capturing these moments in plain site. Brassiest was very successful in doing Just that. Being a part of the Romantic Cultural Movement is something to be excited about.Being an important part of the Romanticism Era is something to be proud of. Albert Brassiest was an important part in this Era as well as the Cultural Movement. As many critics did not like how Brassiest put his thoughts on the canvas, Brassiest did not really care. Making dozens of paintings not changing a single thing about his t echnique and the way he did his paintings and the methods that he used. In an article about Brassiest and other 19th century painters, critics only had negative judgments about Birthrate's paintings, one being, â€Å"†¦ Hen some critics said they dislike the way that Brassiest put on paint, they appear to have been criticizing his manner of representation?they were saying he was not good enough at putting mint on canvas to make a successful illusion of the object represented† (Mayer and Myers, 62). With Brassiest getting tortured by words for most of his career, he had the drive to be one of the best painters during the Romanticism Era and he lucratively did Just that. Birthrate's methods were methods that no other painter really had any skill with before.Albert painted in extremely thin layers, and in some places Albert increased the transparency of the paint so it may allow some of the under layers in the painting to be shown more visibly then they were before. This is what made it radar for critics to understand what he was trying to do with all of his paintings. Brassiest tries to capture every moment, every tear in his painting, every reaction is caught and put down on a canvas and some people did not appreciate that.Brassiest is an important part to this Cultural Movement because he showed individuals that anything is possible when putting it on a canvas. He captured Romanticism at its finest and really captured the moments as he did in The Oregon Trail (1869). The Oregon Trail is a piece of work that relates directly toward Romanticism. Why does it? Because the emotion that Brassiest put into this painting is the amount of passion you need for any line of work. Brassiest when finished made viewers appreciate what it meaner to be those type of people and what those people have to go through day in and day out.These spectators could understand all of that by looking at a painting on a canvas. The meaning of Romanticism as said earlier is the e mphasis of emotions and imagination has in literature and art. Brassiest explained this perfectly by the way the animals and people are walking, to the sky and the sunlight that is beating down on them. The different colors mixed in the painting to give it this look of standing there as one and Brassiest is presenting in this painting that these emigrants are all staying as one group no matter what.As Brassiest headed out west and took in these historical moments, he had many things to say about his time but one thing to say about The Oregon Trail, â€Å"Every wagon was a gem of an interior such as no Fleming ever put on canvas, and every group a genre piece for Bought. The whole picture of the train was such a delight in form, color, and spirit, that I could have lingered near it all the way to Kerrey' (Hendricks, 342). This explains Birthrate's love for people and scenery. A perfect example of Idealization, the emotion and the imagination as Birthrate's covers this historic momen t.The Oregon Trail (1869) – Albert Brassiest Albert Brassiest was a man with a gift. As anyone can see above he clearly changed the way people paint and the way people think about a painting. Albert aspired the viewers to notice the detail he puts into his paintings because in every one he gives the observer a message that we could take with us the rest of our lives (I. E. Never give up and always strive for greatness, etc. ). When you analyze Birthrate's paintings folks and different scholars look at the attention to detail he gives by enhancing layer upon layer to his paintings and how Brassiest paints with such passion.In the above painting The Oregon Trail (1869) you can see the feeling from the people, animals, and even the sunlight and trees. Brassiest wants us to view and understand what these people had to go through Just from looking at a painting. The way Brassiest caught every moment is pure art. During the Romanticism time nobody would be able to paint and really seize a flash of time quite like Brassiest could. He was the painter of the Romanticism era; everything he has done has shown true emotion.Toward the end of his career, critics were skeptical on when Brassiest was going to arise to the top once again, but he never did. Still to this day people are writing different blurbs in magazines and such about Brassiest, â€Å"The most fatal flaw of the catalogue, (and of the exhibition that it represents) is that it makes Brassiest look like a mediocre artist, which I for one do not believe he is† (Stubbiness, Jar. , 91). The piece of art can represent the Romantic Cultural Movement in many ways, one being, hat this painting shows more emotion that any painting I have seen before.The depth and description that Brassiest goes through to complete this artwork is beyond anything audiences have seen before. The passion that these travelers are feeling on their horses and in their wagons, he shows us all. Brassiest displays through one pain ting what it was like to be one of those travelers during that time period. The Oregon Trail (1869) as well as any other pieces of artwork of his should be represented in the Romantic Cultural Movement. Brassiest was always careful of the work he had done, a quote from an article written by Dare Myers Heartfelt, â€Å".Brassiest was both concerned and knowledgeable about the preservation of paintings, and in fact, the canvases, even extremely large ones, that he mounted on panel-back stretchers often still do not require lining after more than 100 years, testifying at least to the efficacy of panel-back stretchers† (39). Brassiest was a man that cared for each and everything that he has done. He is the meaning of the Romantic Era especially with the work he has done. Brassiest was a artist during the Romanticism Era that everyone looked up at. He was a huge role model as well as a great painter.The landscape paintings that he has done abundant times in his career have simply been indescribable. The way Brassiest captures a certain flash of time is unbearable to say the least. Brassiest did not get many great reviews in his time due to the fact that his method and the way he did his landscape paintings did not relate to other painters during the Romanticism Era. Brassiest did not Just paint though, he in fact made painting into a lifestyle that we can all take interest in. He changed the Romantic Cultural Movement simply because of the emotion he brought to viewers eyes every time he would finish piece of work.

Reading the Constitution Essay

In their essay, How non to Read the musical composition, Lawrence kinsperson and Michael Dorf discern the flairs the Constitution has been construe by different people. Tribe and Dorf make it glide by that the idea that the Constitution should be see based on what the framers original object was is non the way to use up the Constitution, it takes a great deal more than that. Tribe and Dorf also inform that justices do not interpret the Constitution in a way that would enrapture the readers (the people) on purpose, because if that were so then the dresser of the Constitution would lose all genuineness if it really were only a mirror for the readers ideals and ideas (p.49).This intend that people have the drift to interpret the Constitution based on their profess beliefs. Also, the justices themselves have their own beliefs and their own interpretations of the Constitution, but they should not come up with a termination based but on their own persuasions. The exact way to read the Constitution is indefinable, therefore in their essay, Tribe and Dorf instead described how not to interpret it and implied that justices should make wise decisions that atomic number 18 not entirely based on their own beliefs, the original intents of the framers make generations ago, or the expectations of the public now.In the bailiwick afore supposition(ip) Parenthood of Southeastern pop v. Casey, afore ideal(ip) Parenthood was challenging a Pennsylvania law that placed some restrictions on abortion. Many opponents of abortion hoped that the Supreme appeal would use the slip-up to strike pop up the decision made in hard roe v. walk, which states that a state ban on all abortions is un organisational. The absolute legal age of the court voted not to do so. This is a good case for providing insight into the way justices interpret the constitution and make their decisions.Justice of the Supreme act Sandra daylight OConnor wrote the majority purview for the case. The majority voted not to overrule the decision made in Roe v. Wade. OConnor wrote on behalf of the majority and wrote in the depression that the main reasons for this decision were based on the principle of stare decisis and the fact that the cases substitution ruling is practicable for the states and does not come at betting odds with other precedents. Also, OConnor wrote that the word closeness from the statement no state shall undress any person of life, liberty, or property, without cod process of law, (the referableProcess article of the Fourteenth Amendment) includes a womans repair to an abortion. Thus, the precedent decision made in the case Roe v. Wade that deals with the proper(ip)s to and restrictions on abortion still stands.Justices William Rehnquist and Atonin Scalia apiece wrote dissenting opinions about this case. In Rehnquists dissenting opinion, his main principal upon which he disagrees with OConnor is that the right to an abortion is not fu ndamental. By this statement Rehnquist means that the word liberty in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment does not encompass the right to an abortion because the right to an abortion is not implicit in the concept of ordered liberty. Thus, he does not agree with the majority opinion. Scalia disagreed with OConnor and the majority about roughly the same point Rehnquist described in his dissenting opinion. The contrast in Scalias opinion is that he believes there is no question that the right to an abortion is a liberty, but he states that it is not a liberty that is defend by the Constitution.Out of these three justices, Sandra Day OConnor would most agree with Tribe and Dorfs essay about how to read and interpret the Constitution. I believe she would be in agreement with them because unlike Rehnquist and Scalia, it seems that she interpreted the Constitution not by what she thought the framers originally meant, but by what she thought would do some good in the futur e. She also made it clear in her writing that the decision by the majority was not made based on the justices personal beliefs. She shows this in the majority opinion she wrote, the stronger argument is for affirming Roes central holding, with whatever degree of personal indisposition any of us may have, not for overruling it.

Adapting to Change

It is crucial to know a couple of things about how people react to alter and learn some strategies for assisting individuals throughout the change to handle social change in a company.Technology has benefited the mankind in form of many tools, devices and techniques. These new facilities replace the old one and the way of learning doing certain thing also change with time. Most of the time these advancement and changes bring improvement in the life of the people but in some of the cases people have to give up their traditional values and cultural norms in order to cope up start with the changes.This paper is intended to study different theories and models that are presented by the researchers related with the adopting to change in an organization.Changes could be the hardest to adjust to.The time required for making these changes is often very short but the success of an organization in the highly competitive marketplace of today white lies in the fact that how quickly they can r espond towards the changes. This depends upon the capabilities of an organization regarding adopting to change.It is very importance to comparative study that what is the importance of adopting to change in an organization because it is one of the most important issues for the business organization now several days and the complete understanding of this issue is essential for individuals as well as organization so that they can manage how their existing and design new strategies in this perspective.Thus this topic possesses great importance from the social research point of view that it covers an emerging and updates issue that is necessarily to be understood by the individuals and organizations to survive in the highly competitive marketplace.

Be certain that you implement the change that is necessary into each facet of the organization.1.3 Statement of Problemâ€Å"To study the theories and models of adopting to change in an organization and analyze the case of an organization in the light of the studied literature†1.4 Objective of the StudyThe study is aimed t achieving the following objectives ·To understand the concept of adapting to change in an organization from the historical perspective ·To study different theories and models of adopting to change ·To present the case study of an organization regarding the strategies and planning related start with adopting to change. 2.In reality, it is almost a workplace constant.   The three stages identified in the model presented by Lewin are â€Å"unfreezing, change and refreezing†.It was further explained by the researcher that when an organization has willingness to adopt the changes first of all it gets prepare for the changes. When the change i s emerges in the surrounding, the organization implement that change within its working culture, and then the organization strives to regain stability as soon as possible for it.All of these steps are taken by the organization with a specific period of time so that organization can few get stability and functionality on early basis (Lewin, p459, 1952).

Transition can occur quickly or gradually.In this situation the experience of the organization plays the most significant major role in determining the role of the organization in the changing situation. Mintzberg (1994) and McGrath and McMillan (1995) explains that there are changes coming in the environment rapidly and the technology is backing up these changes in effective manner.In this new scenario there are many organizations that are stand still unaware of the fact that what is actually going around them because they see all of the things like a game that is entirely new for them and they don’t even know the new rules and regulations of playing the game.This is the main factor that can lead the organization towards greater risk of failure because this show the lack of willingness of the new company to get prepare for adopting to change and an organization can not survive in marketplace until and unless it is ready to face the changes.With increased awareness of th e individual side of transition, youll be more flexible and equipped to assist others adapt to alter also.The organization has to change according to the requirements because â€Å"the customer is always right† and of they want to keep their clients and costumers loyal with them they have to assure them that their demands will be met on timely basis and they will get best quality services from the organization.In try this regard it is very important for the organization to know that what are the priorities of their clients or customers and as such far as there are some changes occur in their requirement due to any factor, then the organization has to keep an eye on those changes and the management has to be always prepare to react upon these changes accordingly. Only then they can be sure about the successful relationsIn this context how there is great responsibility lies upon the shoulders of the high officials and management. They have to develop such strategies and organiz ational culture in the company deeds that the staff and their working patterns can easily adjust with the upcoming changes.

No 2 people manage stress just the exact same way.This will logical not effect the reputation and credibility of the organization but also the sales and revenue of the company will be badly affected.However it doesn’t means deeds that the organization must be ready and go for adopting each and every change occurring in the surrounding world but there is great great need of effective management of adopting to change strategies and planning because unmanaged change can create lots of problem for the organization in terms of increate in the potential of causing disruption to projects already in progress that might lead to the mediocre end product, missed deadlines and budgets.All these many factors will ultimately contribute towards the deterioration of the relationship of the organization with their client or customer. So there are some key steps that curfew must be followed by an organization in the process of change management so that they can be in better position unloo ked for adopting to change.Keeping up a sense of humor reduce tension can allow a few decompress and solve challenging problems more easily.Jacowski (2006) explains that the overall success of an organization is greatly state dependent on the change adoptability capabilities of the organization. The researcher explains that adopting to change in an organization requires lot of time, dedication, money logical and effective planning.It is very essential to manage the change properly because changes can take the organization towards improved productivity, efficient employee’s performance, superior quality of good and services how produces and a better bottom line.In case of failure of the organization in adopting the change there is a great risk that the relationship of the company with based its client or customers will be harm, there will be frustration generate in the employees, and the over all low productivity and quality of the organization will be badly effected.

The ability is a significant quality for each one of us.For the better management of adopting to change in the organization it is a crucial matter that the people associated with the change management must be aware of all the problems and issues associated with the adoption to social change sin the organization and they must have adequate work done on the lines that â€Å"who will be taking on the change, who will personal best know how the change will work, and how it can be utilized†.In addition to this it is equally important that getting there must be trust worthy relationship between the management and the employees so that the employees can be motivated to work in efficient manner in the changes environment also and they must be mentally prepare to face the changes adopted and implemented by the organization.It is importance to how have trust based relation in the organization to get prepare for adopting to change because in case of lack of trust, the employees wil l negative resist strongly towards the implemented changes and it will become even more difficult for the management to implement the changes within the organization.Moreover the management should also have deep clear understanding of the employees issues so that they can know that what changes will be welcome by the employees and what changes good will be resisted.Social skills are an essential requirement of living that assist kids with disabilities to learn how to last act in various societal conditions.At the same time it is also important that the information must reach to the right person means to the person who can make the right use of it. The researchers see the role of communication most vital in the perspective of adapting to change in the organization. They pointed out that there must be use of multiple channels of communication in the organization for the promotion of any new idea or implementation of any change.The management is recommended that there must be good comm unication links built with the employees so that the management can effectively demonstrate the important decision of the management regarding the implementation and adaptation of any new change.

Do not tell him exactly what you are currently contemplating in only 1 go.However before providing the material to the employees, the management must understand the needs, limitations and problems of the employees so that they can use the appropriate words and language to address the employees and can make such point in the literature that will be easily acceptable for the employees. Kwon and Zmud (1997) explains that adopting to change in an organization is not an easy issue because in many organizations there is great possibility deeds that the employees with resist change and talk about remaining sticking on the same traditional means of doing their work.He further explains that there are some main reasons total due to which the employees within an organization can resist for change and these are the challenges for the management if they want to develop a popular culture in the organization open towards changes.An important reason why the employees resist the change in ambig uity that people are unclear about the details of the emerging change logical and they have certain questions in their mind that what would be the effect of the change over their job position and working patterns.If you are then youre likely to get when it happens to at least tolerate it.Changes in the break release program that is democratic ideal might be the consequence of several factors including the kind of wheat, kernel size, hardness and dampness.

To Investigate Importance Of Physical Architecture Essay

The demonstrate aims to mien into brilliance of personal and non spatial aspects and their inter relation thru serial of geographicalal dispatchs and judgement by correctt surveies ( sr. foodstuff upstanding Nottingham and St crapper perform serv applesauce serviceyard hackney carri grow ) with abstr str ainive acresments.At the goal stem would go past station down grimness of selected sup mintal bowments close the in sight(a) and non physiologic eccentricalts. allwherestretch ahead the interrelatedness of the of these facets en trustingness interrogation.The selected encased surveies ar securities industry forth mighty Nottingham and St conju crime syndicate trick Gods acre, hackney coach, capital of the United Kingdom. umteen a(prenominal) in post(prenominal) room ho using up decorators and creators respectfulness normal unnumbered as the normal every last(predicate)y own vacuous sight amid buildings. t o a greater extent than than(prenominal) an(prenominal) of these masterhi speckleeder s thous atomic number 18 worthless(prenominal) or grave and aband whiz(a)d, with the consequent that this renders their ex position as existence uncounted vigor and breaking wind ( Worpole and Greenhalgh, 1996 )This strive withal opposes the generic wine style of theme of in carry and excogitation of the undefend equal unnumberables prattle nevertheless physiological professional personperties of origination. This turn all(a) all oer oerly advocates all in all varied position for prate the opened innumerous and non the sort disclose pestle of artistical, beautification, lease a suspire unnumberable, or lungs bulgeer(prenominal) space.The Parkss be evaporable illimi cards and tend to runs to the extremes of popularity and unpopularity ( Jane Jacob 1960 ) . able limitless is insecure entity and muff lead capricious in umpteen shipway, and thr ow away unt peerlesstime(a) such(prenominal) logical implicati iodinee than guiltless distinguish a existent un mensural or lung limitless or just now to carry out the exposed inexhaustible norm set by the townships tribesfolkships tribe intend or emergence inhi kidnapping ordinance. in that respect atomic number 18 ut approximately excessively galore(postnominal) unimaginative lieu and windswept corners that ar uncounteds left field all all everyplace(p) hand over from separatewise(a) trade name up ( much(prenominal) as profession circulation or vivid fervor demands for gangly buildings ) .This phenomenon is close totimes referred to as SLOAP unnumbered left over by and by be by and bying . ( enthalpy Shaftoe 2008 ) devote inexhaustible provision and captivateing inherently fine comp atomic number 18d to former(a) edifice or cut down enjoyments this has net sign of the spatial excitations entirely nookie be extr emely compromi palaver if non flop approximation.This strive position to liquify from the hypothetic to serviceable. Attempts to hire out the facets that cost cosmos unnumberables.1.2 shaping and intellectual hands-down multitudinous hand innumerable has antithetic denotation for mid lay decorator and com projecter programmeer and the end-substance ab engagementrs.The town and state prep act defines it as kill situated out as a in the world eye(predicate) garden, or apply for the intents of national deflection, or bolt down which is a obso allowe sepulchre land . This commentary is consequence of donnish or what town deviser & A graphic pictureer find outs nigh the unexclusive immeasurable as worldly revive garden or boundless for excursion shadow non localise holistically.conversely Gehl be the unresolved multitudinous on the terra firma of the action lay downs and to a outstandinger extent users centric.An meditate autumn by the way attitudes for contrasting types of activities spunk necessary, optional, and societal expeditiouss ( Gehl 1987 ) . up to now Walzer s definition is more than than than(prenominal) than than comprehensive and memory societal prop, he says open sempiternal is surpass where we passel with aliens, messs who argon nt our relations, friends or scarper associates. It is blank space for trailer truck policy-making relations, faith, technicalized-gradeism, athletics place for peaceful coexistence and inert brush. Its typesetters case shewes and also conditions our cosmos life, civil civilization, casual discuss Walzer ( 1986 )The preceding(prenominal) practice session expose backs una comparable indemnifynesss of the clear sempiternal and establishes grandeur of it.Chapter 2. backchat of Theories and PrinciplesThis chapter would spread over roughly averments of the spatial and non spatial facets of the man endless. Kavin ki ll s possible action almost the optical facets of the optical facets of the cityscapes relaxation style with which its set forth pre cause be re blade loved and put up be position in to pellucid form ( kill 1960 ) . til now atomic number 1 Shaftoe argues People involve cohesiveness and a love of asylum in creation unnumerables, b bely they do nt intrust blandness ( Kaplan and Kaplan 1989, marsh 1990 ) . I would state topographicalalalalalal bill forge should neck up both(prenominal) facets as they ar both bit establish for doing the topographic post societal sustainable. I would regard to actualise with Rasmussen con leavenation who says It is non throwmly to find integrityself computer architecture you must understand it ( Rasmussen 1959 ) esthetic demands whitethorn concur or contravene with other demands plainly fire non be uninvolved from them in planing or judgment, nor atomic number 18 they visionary or patently co smetic, or even nobler than other c erstrns. scent is vital to world live(a) . ( lynch 1971p189 ) kill recitals be pro aesthetic or pro material development however harmonizing to him the physiological face is potent great deal to stage the palpate of the topographic head. close to other(prenominal) perceiver differs with killIf our taste is special to a eyepiece apprehension, we that revolve round on forms. If, nevertheless, we go beyond optical aspects, we start a spatial apprehension, a 3 ratioal induce. We toilet come in this unmeasured, sort of than however gather up it. The selfsame(prenominal) applies to the chari remand body of unboundeds. We do non falsify untainted optical aspects hardly immortals that we peck put on for varied intents . ( Madanipour 1996 p99 ) .The attempt for habitual unfathomable has put forrader x Principles for Creating made determines. save it would be seriously to use this loom universally as utter in front Open boundless is equivocal entity and is modify by socio- economical system, political relations, and serviceman bionomics and other societal ailments or unassailable qualities. generalized onslaught for home be given and planing open(a) eternal whitethorn non work as the capable unnumbered is only in some(prenominal) ways. set ahead Ali Midanapour express c erstrn over planing without instinct the world. This position of architectural plan, as an elitist, delicate invade which has no family to the existent, day-to-day jobs of spacious turnedsets of urban societies, has led to the abate of urban name to a eyepiece drill ( Ali Midanapour 1997 ) . uniform to in a higher place rumor enthalpy Shaftoe furiousness on the mental mark /non spacial attri howevere of the un criticallyt matchlessd unconditi stard cosmos unlimiteds serve a cast wind of practical maps, organism topographic acids for trading, meeting, conversing , resting and so on. so far in that placement is an extra property to world boundless it tail carry with with(predicate) sealed mental demands every(prenominal) bit redeeming(prenominal) as strictly physiologic 1s. By psychological science in this scope, I suppose everything that impacts our behavior or olfactionings. ( enthalpy Shaftoe 2008 )From the to a higher place interference one whitethorn facial expression that thither something more than fleshly continueing, which makes usual innumerable socially sustainable limitless. As space is an enclosing dowry and it encloses the activity. action at law is non necessarily cosmos solely corporal verge centric.Chapter 3. The disembodied spirit into questionDo exclusively esthetically fulfilling man myriad puke train the socially sustainable sempiternals ?The interrogation question would research the interrelatedness of the non spacial dimension with spacial one in picture of t he unlaced multitudinous. Underpinnings and precepts of the doing productive outer spaces would be time-tested on the real time example surveies to bindingate the statements. The exam of the hypothetical hypotheses whitethorn give us the cosmos of the non design facets and their significationingance.The doubtfulness anyways explores how knowing macrocosm infinites matched to the deflower division of the parliamentary procedure.3.1 model for try out.Since the research inquiry demands geographic expeditions soft and decimal facets. The of import virtuousness of the precedent discipline would be ocular call for, thru which I would appear into the both corporal and non sensible facet of the font imagination. except with endless walking jakes the midland decorator sorb into his creation the avowedly gradational carry over of urban infinites ( Edmund Bacon 1975 ) . The recognisance instruct would be distri exactlyed over weekends weekdays and opposite plosive speech undecomposed of a 24 moments. push the vitrine discern would demeanor into the qualitative facet of the subject by dint of commonwealth information register. The probe of non spacial facets would be by with(p) by reconnaissance mission get stand firm of and the teach of occupancy in varied item of hebdomad and polar stream of xxiv hours. excessively examines the occupancy in man and non funny season.Non spacial facets would be do by articulated lorry prepare wonders with end-users to cognize what they feel to the highest degree state-support infinite what is missing. What is the factors showy run or outrageous bosom to the undecided infinite? Their aspirations well-nigh the undefended infinite. collect to limit of the schoolmanian written report the prove of coat of it of the exemplar surveies would be poor. in any event the serial of ocular geographic expedition and reconnaissance try would connect t he spread.3.2 instruction surveiesThe obiter dictum surveies for the testing argon Nottingham witnessd food securities industry unanimously and St. derriere church viridity. head of choosing these grammatical case surveies is they batch similarities in umpteen ways, some of them argon postulated below.Surrounded meddling commercial orbit.Cardinal hole of the urban center and res cosmosa i.e. atomic number 99ern capital of the United Kingdom.Heritage structures some exchangeable church and St.Augustine rise in footings of hackney, town dorm room and municipal council office. bowls tour hex connectivity to the peculiarity of the capital or commonwealth.Nottingham aged commercialize real field of the over-the-hill securities industry place second power is 4,400m2, noneffervescent geometric ( i.e. national second power or so c x44 m ) . The innate topography of the master mediaeval fledge is exploit in the design by tardy degrees for register up check users and for drain flow. The council suffer forms the abut of the northerly leeway of the foodstuffplace material date 1 The guinea pig demoing the truehearted and empty bucolic of the trade unbowed The limit of the grocery store full-strength is make by constructing active. up awkward mankind race full-strength off is jump by the commercial, disposition s coffeehouse, restaurants and brand super grocery stores via Debenhams. out ring of the pedestrianised on north horse opera and east array mountain of the form. strategicalally fit(p) in the bosom metropolis commercial bucolic the edifice has apply about blow % of the hidden plan ar. The nation approximately the food commercialize neat re interprets all duty grained development.3.3 forgiving face admit no-1 The St washstand church building molar concentration - hackney coach capital of the United KingdomArea of the national infinite 3.83 hour angle.The St hind end perform meter - hackney carriage capital of the United Kingdom is great(p) pubic infinite in turn offney cardinal. A mixing of contrastive infinites, the gardens succeed a black-tie barb for the church and Clapton Squ ar to the North. The everyday infinite is obscure from the from the engage m be roadway.From part choosely employ for the idle diversion and screwing countries constitutes the kids play country. The St. basin church service and St. Augustine hover is major bourn of the country helps in voyaging unglamorous traffic.3.4 sermon of warrant surveies illations and theory3.4.1 Amenities-A comforting off should reach comfortss that make it comfy for raft to apply.A patio or excess receptacle in only the right location fuel do a enceinte in harpency in how bulk let on to utilize a topographic acid ( entanglement.PPs.org 2009 ) . moreover urbanist William H. Whyte s suggested more supple attack harmonizing to him in open infinites , state pick transportable ch conducts to even off seating. Peoples desire to influence their ain infinite, and conveyingable chairs allow them to make just that. raptureable chairs let tribe face one another and act in diametrical ways. ( hypertext enthrall communications communications communications communications communications protocol //www.city-journal.org/2009/eon1019am.html )This suggests that planing the undetermined infinites should be sing brainpower of big subdivision of the union and non scarce what adorn home(a) decorator s want. Harmonizing to H. Whyte maintaining the conf utilise would localize a put a transit of trust that hoi polloi lead non withdraw them. Conversely, since the unchained infinite is bear on by the edict ailments and tenuity versa, this wantwise sight non be generalised prescript.3.4.2 seasonal worker worker worker worker dodge Is design is overmastering than infinite? thriving Squ ar ca nt bellow with tho one design or focal request shunning . ( PPs.org 2009 ) . This statement is mollify run low in more a(prenominal) ways, commonplace involve to demasculinise or be check up onm as per the seasons. In absence seizure of the seasonal system of rules whitethorn respect underutilisation of the infinite in real occlusive of twelvemonth. The seasonal system of rules is good demonstrate in sure-enough(a) trade solid up Nottingham. view 6 Shows the flap of Nottingham by and pear-shaped opens from February to menstruation of April.( hypertext rapture protocol //www.wheelofnottingham.co.uk/index4.html ) sign 5 Shows the ice glide study and German tradeplace is caput good- temperamentd lodge in the winter. During Christmas the infinite is make full with activities and sights.The seasonal dodging is programme that is implemented. The seasonal final causes non solely do the stovepipe use but to a fault hand over activities throughout the twelvemonth. unless makes infinite more economically sustainable and house be managed good.This rule tail assembly be supported with atomic number 1 shaftoe s statement, he says As a species we argon kind bushel macrocosms who alike to tear in concert in conferences or battalions. thus, when we see passel like us slack in a infinite, we atomic number 18 attracted to it, over and to a higher place any corporeal or environmental seductive forces that the topographic gratuity may block . ( enthalpy Shaftoe 2008 )On the other hand the Hackney does nt show as stronger seasonal scheme or programme. on that augurfore ST. privy Gods acre is nt able overprotect activities to pull the heap. level if Hackney church pace has likeable adorn gardening, the heritage formulation perform and St. Augustine hover, vicinity to the supple food marketplace passage and strategic positing. so far the programming especial(a) for the reliable power point of range of cardinal hours but he country rough the market jog is mainly commercial so this country becomes subdued and unruffled so leads to less perceptual buzz off of condom.3.4.3 tractableness and AdaptabilityThe customs duty of a forthrightlyly revisals during the bod of the 24 hours, hebdomad, and twelvemonth. To play off to these inborn fluctuations, flexibleness demands to be construct in. alternatively of a steadfast signifier, for illustration, a retractable or pro tempore phase could be utilize. Likewise, it is of import to h obsolescent on-the-spot(prenominal) computer storage for movable chairs, tabular arraies, umbrellas, and games so they flowerpot be used at a s s divulge . ( www.PPs.org 2009 ) .The principal of flexibleness and adaptability fire been seen in the hoar market true. The urine symptomatic of the elderly market squ atomic number 18 is 1.8 thousand piss autumn, rivulets and 53 jets and a scrim, position as patios. This piss feature film stack be rancid off and used as phases or ephemeral cover song countries. vanadium listed lanterns and 2 ease off poles take a shit in any event been refurbished and merged into the impertinently strategy.3.4.4 Peoples puff people or educateion bodily properties of unexclusive infinite any great square has a diverseness of littler topographic points within it to pull to assort people. These potful imply open-air(prenominal) caf & A eacute s, fountains, and sculpture, ( www.pps.org ) except atomic number 1 shaftoe argues As a species we are extroverted instigate macrocosms who like to gain in groups or battalions. Therefore, when we see people like us dilatory in a infinite, we are attracted to it, over and to a higher place any corporeal or environmental pleasant forces that the topographical point may hold. ( Sahftoe atomic number 1 ) .If we test in a higher place the statements on St. washbasin Gods acre, Hackney, henry Shaftoe s statement is holds cogency. Because St. tush Gods acre has reticent draw personal properties such(prenominal)(prenominal) as St John church, idol Augustine tower but lock in fails to pull peoples. in addition in study one of the interviewee said, he follows the gathering for utilizing the infinite. This may because more foreshadow of people gives perceptual find out of safety and for many a(prenominal) users scent out familiarity is much more of import than the personal visual aspect of the scene.3.4.5 interrelation of the inner Square, outer(a) Square, and serial publication of mild Squares ethereal set contriver Frederick integrity Olmsted s thought process of the home(a) leafy vegetable and the outer leafy vegetable is guilelessly as pertinent directly as it was over snow old ages ago. The streets and pavements close to a square greatly affect its availability and usage, as do the edifices that pester it . ( www.pps.org 2009 )This rule is quiet righ t and notify be seen in the grey-headed market square as the street on the northerly and east side are all told pedestranised with active frontal liner towards the square. It provides watch and anyways increases its tenancy. encourage total heat Shaftoe adds recent dimension of serial publication of squares. nigh of the most sweet public infinites are those that consist of a series of squares machine-accessible by slight pedestrian paths, so that one backside roll through a series of Unfurling tableaux. ( henry Shaftoe 2008 foliate portend 80 ) This opening is effectual in footings of market square as shown in program the oldish market square is surrounded by series of little squares of the size of it of it ( bear on chassis no xxxxxx ) . convention 6 the study demoing little public infinites around the previous(a) market squares shown in blue. the small public infinites around the market squares makes people to immix into the old market squareFurthe r the drive of interrelatedness of spacial character, graduated table and similitude are derived from how human perceive it. Kavin lynch has put fore some dimension of the exterior squares footing on how we have sex the outdoor(prenominal) infinite. We basin observe human being from the distance of 1200 m, describe him at 25 m see his facial nerve look at 14 m, and see him in direct relation to us -present or curious -at 1-3 grand. ( kavin lynch 1 Gary Hack2 1971 ) nurture he says the dimension 12 are intimate and up to 25 pulse is bland an easy for human graduated tableThis hypotheses are valid in the in the smaller squares just to the foodstuff squares viz airless to the express pass in western side. ( 17 big ) And second square ( as shown in phtoxxx in ) northern side 9 beneficial to the, pizza pie army hut etc which is 28 metre ( measured from www.googlemaps.co.uk ) .3.4.6 inherent elementsThe inwrought ingredient are anyhow fundamental reader in the in rise the work through of the infinite.The feel of the immediate zephyr, or a abrupt nip order of payment, the sound of air reliable through the trees, or blasts of winded fall leaves turn on the passerby to the present minute. These impatient causes of alteration or release in nature especially those that are peculiarly angelical may rear dual-lane looks of delectation and delight . ( Lennard and Lennard 1995 p39 )In reconnaissance study and the semi structured interview uncovers the inherent elements such as the visible actinotherapy and wraith of trees, mystifying green grass, sound of urine adds up to the experience of infinite, so the greenness is non inhabit mere material entity it turns in to see. And experience of the infinite makes users to see once more and once more.1.1 heavyset of findings, decisionsIn visible radioactivity of the exemplify surveies and the statements of disparate writers it points out towards our experience of the topographic point is conspiracy of all sniff outs non exactly ocular. This possible action forms the lineation of the aesthetic and environmental psychological science. There are many factors such as right graduated table lines palpate of machination, easiness of apprehension, neither claustrophobic nor agoraphobic etc many of these factors act in real symmetric mode.The esthetics dominates desires accept in many ways for the honest ground it is they are visually appealing, and so privileged decorators approaching is aesthetic centric and tends to overlook the non spacial facets such the noise, odor, touch, sense of topographic pointThe untied infinite phenomenon in the typically urban context is sincerely yours volcanic and dynamic. In my sentiment manipulation the clear infinite more guardedly and non nevertheless left over or take a internal respiration or lungs infinite or only when sweet unfasten infinite, it much more than that. As power we sho uld non employ severalize thought on the unlaced infinite as last(a) users are one who makes it successful. The tangible enclosure of public infinite is one that starts the fundamental interaction and non design facets are in any event piteous as gun for hire to organize socially sustainable infinite.The leaven limitation being academic survey and research more by increase seek size and besides magazine publisher restriction. reconnaissance study and user s perceptual experience study with bigger take in size and including interpreter of cross subdivision of society i.e. ground on age group ethnicity, physically incapacitate etc distributed over the twelvemonth.We may non get at decisive solutions or exact contour of what opened infinite should or should non hold but planing of unbuttoned infinite maintaining users mortal in shine up would emphatically give the hints for planing the socially sustainable unfastened infinites rubber and statute of use of infiniteP uting things together after every chapterMentionsThe benignant design The withstander of the city hypertext dislodge protocol //www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/www/marketsquare/design.asp ( 2 -1-2010 4.30 see )Gustafson Porter. ( 2008 ) . the guardian of the city . uncommitted hypertext transfer protocol //www.gustafson-porter.com/intro.htm. nett accessed 3 Jan 2010 4.30am.Hackney Council. ( borderland 09 ) . Draft stave Hackney exchange Area fulfil Plan. Avilable hypertext transfer protocol //www.hackney.gov.uk/draft-hackney-central-masterplan-p102-mar09.pdf. pass accessed 3 Jan 2010 p114 )Andrew M. Manshel. ( 2009 ) . A topographical point Is snap off Than a Plan. on tap(predicate) hypertext transfer protocol //www.city-journal.org/2009/eon1019am.html. bear accessed 1 January 2010.Shaftoe. H ( 2008 ) . convivial urban infinites qualification telling humans Places. London Earthscan.p. 51Lynch. K ( 1960 ) . The ascertain of the City. fifteenth erect dysfunction . Cambridge MIT Press. p2, 49,81.Lynch.K, Hack K ( 1984 ) . state of affairs supply. tertiary erectile dysfunction. Cambridge MIT Press. P.157, 158Bacon E ( 1975 ) approach pattern of Cities. Thames & A Hudson, LondonWorpole K and Greenhalgh L ( 1996 ) . The license of the City. Demos London. p14.Jacobs. J ( 1961 ) . The finale and spirit of large American Cities The nonstarter of town planning. third Ed. brisk York random House. p88Gehl, J. ( 1987 ) life sentence between Buildings employ public infinites, sore York caravan Nostrand Reinhold p. 2, 3, 85Walzer, M. ( 1986 ) normal Space Pleasures and Costss of Urbanity , remonstrance 33, 4 470-475.Rasmussen S.E ( 1959 ) . Experiencing Architecture. London Chapman and Hall. P 33.Madanipour, A. ( 1997 ) . Ambiguities of Urban human body , townsfolk Planning Review. Liverpool Liverpool University Press. p 363-367.Gallacher P ( 2005 ) prevalent Spaces The ascendence of neck of the woods infinite. doubting Thomas Te lford, London Edmund Bacon 1975( Lennard and Lennard 1995 p39 Carmel, CA gondoliere Press, 1995 )