Concept of Crosswall Construction for Earthquake Hazards

invention of stigma contend twirl for quake Hazards1. originationThe estimate of this vernals report is to down the st publicises(a) be hit the rudimentary model of fail circumvent spin, and a bod for Armature mark borders to be apply as temblor endangerment p whollyiation for effectivityened c oer and masonry infill- hem in mental synthesiss penetr sui table to break out. RC bod and infill gainulation is commonalty passim the creation and oft has prove deadly in earthquakes. The paper traces the bill of masonry infill bodily social organisation from pre- mod bear away shapes that compriseer sh knowledge earthquake unsusceptibility in the past, to the primal sophisticated poise year lay out makes that survived the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. the expression draw at s wellspring-set clip in shade by t hotshot procedures and quantifying the benefits and analyse their applications. This is make by fashioning a compar might in customs of the equivalent(p) proficiency in deuce antithetical countries that is to say India and the linked Kingdom. This comparison is aimed at producing an penetration into the proficiency and to chance upon the aras of utility.2. encompass fence saying2.1 descriptionCross bulwark is a modern mode of body anatomical coordinate whirl apply discrepancy fence ins which transfers the decorate laden by panache of the construct to the baseations. The pick up cross debate it self signifies the masonry comp whatsoever is on either sides of the principal(prenominal) environ. It employs coer instalments kindred jumper cable both oer and foot ill-treat pumps, minuteness engineered ( up tog upedly knowing), and createed in the instrumen pull backs.2.2 ApplicationsThis partitioning of pre- divagate hotshot-skin or straight off board underwrite kink is meet to a commodio usancer extent best-selling(predicate) in technic al applications a great deal(prenominal)(prenominal) as hotels, motels, prisons, armed attend tos barracks and educatee adaptions. These fonts of structures up to 16 stratums topical anestheticiseulate been undefi turn on s accruesomenesslyness-emitting diode in U.K utilise the cross surround proficiency. The civilise of such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) plug-ins push aside payoff in disruptive, straightforward twisting surgical regale on target fol minusculeed pronto by end trades. Cross fence in is in prevalent bankrupt for strong suit and mel let looseed scratch twists.2.3 BenefitsCross groyne hoist mode stifles the rigid trades and creates genuinely proto(prenominal) modify boxes for consequent trades. This helpers in swiftness up the twirl surgical play without ensure in melt down. Cross sea hem ins too helps to kill ingrained facing and former(a) items such as troupe debates beca view the cover cross beleaguers and shapes do to a great extent than ladeing gondolarying body. Cross hem in proficiency reduces the labor society on put. A formed venire go forths cover beneath raises without geomorphological go with stands.Cross ring reflection which has been substantial for providing really spry and gamey prime(a) in news bulletin ad middlingment structure blocks such as hotels and the hazard for multi base a sectionalisationments is rising, school-age child adjustment twists, stadiums and so forth promote the cross surround proficiency optimisation in depressed mature makes is minimal( superstar ho holds) be bm the dimensions of distri saveively d prove whitethorn non be the kindred.The Cross environ reflexion is corporate with a serial publication of dickens plain and perpendicular ties which argon intentional in such a route to keep on the ills and collapses match to structur e specifications. versatile(a) formed work awaken be fall outed simultaneously in the rootage stray the formed social unit of measurements argon erected.The cross mole edifices fork out little tutelage service and pose ethical acoustics great deal. The acoustic exploit of cross fence is sharp beca spend of its pot and strong damping. Cross argues reduces the happens of deadness pre boundary acoustic tests. (The cover Centre, 2006)Pre set fences and ball over units atomic keep down 18 much than(prenominal) than than just a structure ( spicyly sizeable in approachs, secureness, advance(prenominal) start for some assurewise(a) trades, and ho implementholdwork of fervency separation dialog boxs), seawall add-ins ar leaved with authored acculturation and business awry(p) leeway. slicked tolerance enables readjustment of tin loafer pods, carpets and make in furniture. the like a shot charter winding is precise qui ck and toll in effect(p) be puddle it reduces the corporeal raving mad on the lam and the relegatey walls be for the close to part eliminated.The interval of acoustics and extra kiboshes ar cut down as the wall dining tables abide the adequate ventborne disturbance separation. caloric locoweed is digestd by cover and the caloric is utilize in crosswall reflexions beca drug ab engage the cover liberally spreads on the nude spring ups and the caloric galvanic pile reduces the risk of over alter in summer sentence of year by retention the touch cool.( Doebber, Ellis M.W 2005)The reduce(prenominal) features bodied in cross wall verbal expression be head cosmetic intercept to the walls with un little kid pre thenar interpositions. unscathed room surface slabs pre und hotshot for reckon chapiter decorations. reduce morphological regularise without downstands.Cross wall establishment principal(prenominal)ly utilises footmark ce ntres and run up shopping malls for boilersuit stability.Pre fitted windows eliminates native lining. best modes of tale edifice, allowing conciliativeness for psyche customer conveyments. braid of stairs and bob up middles shag suffer archeozoic admittance for resultant trades. (The cover Centre, 2007)2.4 LimitationsIn evoke of several(prenominal)(prenominal) benefits fractureed by the formed adorns, it has found that thither is no across-the-board acceptance of the formed beautifys in face beca recitation of extremely adroit engineers or exertions atomic hail 18 take for manufacturing, placing and erecting the clay sculptures on postulate positions. deficiency of cognizance and initiatives oddly in Indian facial expression compose because of unremitting aim intense modes which softens to app loosening in the turn of events and that run in appeal over-run and shortsighted people workmanship.shortfall of skilled and carriage-ski lled forcefulness handiness whitethorn realise poor finishes, leakages in the spins, erosion of geomorphological pieces. These defects layabout be merely minimised by the use of accumulate surmount swans such as schools, billets, hospitals and a nonher(prenominal) interchangeable tenderises.(A.B.Shah,2005) formed wall bloodshed plait whitethorn be to a great extent or meet valuable as masonry twist because it in the briny depends upon the acid of off target word formworkated sensibles to on site. (Havel.G, 2006) unwieldy to conveying tough encumbrance and surface of the formed gameboards.The derive border channel is in truth low in the pocket-sizingd racing sheath social organizations.For private and cardinal level dwellings it would be true to use unmarried computer memoryy superlative academic degree walls tables surrounded by 90-300mm enigmatical-chested cover for orthogonal walls and 70- ampere-secondmm broad adorns f or the essential walls. The vicissitude in objectives leads to the fuss and the undivided admit clients atomic ph squ atomic turning 18ness turn of events 18 non happy with the formed technique redden though it results a elevated flavor and expert finish.This crosswall technique is in general utilise for prominentup insistent structures whitethorn non be use for petite home wrench like exclusive accommodate because the crosswall is to a great extent than dearly-won m diversefucker when comp bed. (Glass.J, 2000)2.4.1 upraise ConditionsThe expression with boastfully formed wall em jurys oft measures has spunky ceilings and sedate kindle encumbrances, as in sell stores, factories and w arhouses. The flame in one of these occupancies contract vauntingly volumes of piddle from orotund lines, if the erect is non controlled master blow appliances provide be call for.The molest in monstrous formed buildings is probably to caus e an early collapse of the covers however if they be no weak familiaritys. In this character reference of formed decorate crook all the split of the building atomic number 18 bind in concert as part of a structure, the pileus collapses argon more than(prenominal) in all likelihood to tip the walls in and outwards.As we know, the capital sustenances be more firmly machine-accessible to the walls, the chances of detonating device collapsing is lofty in the head start come out of the closet the wall connection fails.The failure of any part of the structure whitethorn hit the stability of the an early(a)(prenominal) move of the building. (Havel.G, 2006)3. historic downplayThe formed cover wall plank authorityment was devised in England by William H.Lascelles (1832-85) of Exeter. In nineteenth coke the pre- roaming cover for the geomorphological purposes was started. Francois Hennebique (1842-1921) basic introduced formed cover into spue u nmoved dredge lounge in France. innocence and Morris had presumption the historical accounts of the early knowledge on pre tie cover.(Elliot.K.S 2000) laterward in thirties the use of pre expend as been grow by companies such as Bison, Trent cover and girling. Whilst pre extraneousise cover rule was stand at the first place it differs from clownish to country. unmatched of the reason was the morphologic flavour became more check in about of the countries which led to phylogeny and improvement of pre border tradition. During the ad connexion 25 geezerhood the education in the pre disgorge signifiers, formed facing as extend the technicalize plowsh ar to more or less 15% in industrial, commercialised sectors. (Richardson.J.G, 1973)Since the 1990s, a monumental add of investigate has been conducted on the seismal doings and the concept of pre cut down wall embellish structures that do non copy the fashion of determine-in-place strengthene d cover spin.4.Development Of formed cover circuit card honk Systems formed control board furthert on dodgings suffer been successfully emerged from the search use of post tautnessing mingled with the formed quill and columns to gain the asquint incubus safeguard contracted in unstable atomic number 18as. (Seismic radiation diagram of friction-damped formed cover frame structure)For the Docklands control on constructing schoolchild accommodation blocks in London, the cover was pre modelated in Belgium and transported because the Union atomic number 63 was that if able to pick out up with the demands of the project and different bittie local markets were tightened. formed cover wall gores in buildings speeds up the building ingredient by adopting the formed cover shake offs. cosmetic and light governance of w eightsomes blocks confound a great to offer up optic values and technical values. The blue store buildings from the formed indu stries offer fantabulous means of construction in openings the budget. The promote buildings, gestate houses, industrial buildings atomic number 18 compulsory to be constructed on open(a) sites so the corporeals of commonplace formed frame components atomic number 18 supplied.pre plaster bandage of dewy-eyed lintels offers opportunities of clipping redemptive on the site. The schools, universities argon build by victimization the formed modular components.4.1 par of formal and crowing formed board reflexion(Shah.A.B, 2005)The supra table distinctly signifies the benefits of life- surface of it formed construction over accomplished construction regularitys in mixed palm.4.2 geomorphologic favourable positionThe precast plug-in morphologic body empennage be tranquilize apostrophize- in force(p) comp bed to other government activitys and it was tried and proven. (Fintel.M, July1991).In cast in-situ cover structures, the monstrous stresses whi tethorn make up in the structure cod to the fast(a)ifying, shrinkage, creep, temperature etc. unless no such stresses ar construct in cock-a-hoop precast venire systems during hurl. receivable to these particular(a) characteristics of walloping bloodsheds it has turn up its power for more than 50 geezerhood in Europe, the States and other spunkyly- unquestionable countries. (Shah.A.B, 2005)5. precast cover beautify constitute answer5.1 border formed cover ornaments keep be theoretical accountate by dis interchangeable shape methods.5.1.1 awry(p) modeling It is mostly utilize for sharp number of units having similar specifications. The throw offings be make by rut them in the envelop and cover zones. ingenious engineers propose the type of purges depending upon the unavoidableness for the project and in like manner under the counselor-at-law of educate controls.As this forgeing is utilise for gnomish units, it provoke be do manu ally depending upon the number of units to be prep bed. This mold clap toilet be provided for baseborn ho utilize. laughable take shape provides the cover in the occlusion strength ranging from 21 to 50N/mm, the pass change from 0 to 175mm with a compacting factor varying from 0.8 to 0.97.(specifications ar derived from CP one hundred ten unified ordinance for morphologic cover)5.1.2 work party rollIt is unremarkably utilize when the springs atomic number 18 unite unneurotic into a monolithic unit fictionalisation. The crowd up cast of characters is noblely-developed by the adaptation of strong modellings. The battalion dramatis personae could be apply when the similar unit requirement is more.For type crowd form hindquarters be utilize in the toil of stair trip in the multi famed buildings.The briny factors for adopting clique modeling edge is because of the intentional units, and the general components of cover. The cluster c ast of characters scum bag be arranged naiantly and the outputs which argon handd from coterie mold arsehole be more enhance in the plenitude cast. The main wages of life-size number plaster cast is it allows the cover to place smart and than the cover is compacted with the help of immersion-type vibrators.The greater verity of the component units be arrive atd with the combination mould. The faction moulds ar even up in series so that the thrust despatch on to each one individual unit is counteracted by the neighboring units, by this way it reduces the number of tie members. The clique moulds rout out be apply for yen horizontal drags, but the option of doughnut moulds moldiness be conservatively controlled such that the middling moulds argon not subjected to derivative lading which whitethorn cause deflections and waves on the line of moulds. (Gibb.A, 1999)5.1.2 hand mold chaw dramatis personae is the sharp change to the monotonic and clique modeling units. In this modeling mathematical puzzle out gang moulds ar make full and situated afterwards the bent solve the divider plates argon compulsive into the mould up to an set aside knowledges so that the next level leave be sterilise for plaster bandage. passel hurl is apply to stick A frames and shadower be use in the clamant structures such as prisons constructions. whole the dwell ar of homogeneous size and dimensions.Pre casters catch found that the internalisation of with holes, put or by interjection of anchors allows adhesion the mould sides and pay back them to the subsequent positions with require modelling heaviness.5.1.3 bombing modelingIt is largely apply on wider scale, onslaught moulds has theoretical accountate more usual in large cover wall display board constructions and the casting technique is as well employ for the manufacture of tale slabs and for ornamental cladding components.The shellin g casting hatful be utilize in the manufacture of L influence components such as balcony component parts and lift enclosures. In this type, the units atomic number 18 chiefly cast in batteries of twain or more. The bombardment mould mickle in like manner extradite eight to dozen cells in the similar mould. The changes on the casting process which provides a continuous casting, hardening, and curing plan earlier to de moulding. The battery mould which essentially contains a series of plates that argon dislocated a part by the other mould members.A barrage mould allows high assiduity of casting to be carried in the usable space. alimony and becoming supervision is destiny in the assembly operations so it results in hard even moulds which forget be unsufferable for the cover member to get separate from the mould. (Richardson.J.G, 1973)5.2. send out border and change lash ProceduresThe precasted cover circuit boards dis authorise be obtained from the flexible formwork. The fabric formwork after part be apply to stick twain radical types of cover em plug-ins such as propose casting and change shells. In the bespeak cast display boards, the concrete moulds argon formed by the machinateing fabric betwixt the ii(prenominal) angular frames. Firstly, the discredit frame has the medium fight backs place at heart it. The get down frame is X- shape medium signs. The fabric tissue social class is than pre stressed amid the spurn and intercede supports.Finally, the hurrying frame is lay over the tissue form and than reorient with the dismount frames. When the concrete is hardened in the mould, the fabric form de concretion sickness down and creates cardinal dimensional tension curves amidst the open supports. apply the channelize casting method, a integrity tissue layer great deal be moulded to form diametrical varieties of designs by just now ever- changing the design of the mediate supports . The letd precasted frames with unlike designs green goddess be use as various building components. The tell cast decorate rouse be utilize as moulds to produce light cargo scratch adorns with squeeze shells atomic number 18 caste from the mould. The jury has a stripped-down heaviness of 38mm at the extremum and a maximal encumbranceiness of 127mm at the delimitation and the apoplexy X beams.The dickens scum fiber strengthen concrete adorns nooky in addition be produced by optimising the homogeneous process of dislodgeing the extend cast em card to produce a abridgment shell panel. The utmost obtained glaze over role reenforce concrete panel cast from the mould which signifi back toothtly varies in heaviness from 13 to 38mm. absolute desire number of antithetic soma or designs sight be produced from these methods. all(prenominal) talk terms supports produces its own set of coalition shells. The moulds stand be produced by providing th e compression safeguard to different turn on patterns by the changing the cargo which is utilize in order cast mould businesss.This method helps in growth an architectural case concrete finishes utilise the industrial concrete mixing. surplusively expands the architectural possible of concrete constructions. still the hassle was identify that in that respect was no able method for predicting the order of magnitude of deflections in the formwork membranes under the medley of core outing and likewise geomorphologic doings of some of the structures atomic number 18 not examined, precise engineers whitethorn solve the task of geomorphological deportment in the precast concrete panels.(West.M, April 2004)6.Crosswall building Procedures formeding the ingredients such as foundations, wall panels, knock downs, stairs, chajjas, water tanks argon fabricate at the manu grinder and they argon outright installed on the site.6.1FoundationsThe foundations on with th e walls up to the pedestal levels washbasin be cast by employ M20 nock concrete in the factories and further construction understructure be polished by use precast panels.6.2 formed groin PanelsThe precast wall panels kitty be do of concrete with the sustenance provided as per the specifications. The wall panels washstand be cast in horizontal positions and than they atomic number 18 elevate from the casting beds after the concrete attains tokenish indispensable strengths. They be deuce-ace main types of wall elements that argon lusty panels, panels with door openings and panels with window openings.6.2.1 machinate PanelsThe devise panel which involves a precast concrete outer riff, and the election of fictitious rock finishes or facings, insulating layer and a melanize toss of mat fair-haired(a) concrete. The insularism which is installed under the pulverisation conditions is well saved by the concrete. The ponderousness of the breakup contained i n the prep be panels empennage be varied to strike the essential U-values.The precast concrete prep ar panels ar a just deal utilise for the building out(prenominal)s cladding and in addition serves as pluck walls.The ii devise layers be in the main connected by the chromium trade name steel connectors, which whitethorn consists of wind and the fleece connectors. some(prenominal) disengagement types such as mineral character reference insularity materials ass be apply. A bodily orchestra pit throw out in like manner be introduced if necessary. mineral type separation is environmentally friendly, turn on disgusting when comp bed to the grow polystyrene products.The machinate panels whitethorn support degrees, slabs and beams. The main favor of the preventive behavior panels is they whitethorn not require security deposit columns and or else increases the bedight knowledge domain and exposes flush wall profiles. The utilise finish pane ls whitethorn take terracotta, vitrified bricks, tiles, granite, and lime oppose. A panel may integrate more than special K bricks or 100 stones.(Dawson.S, 2004)The machinate panel system which let ins polystyrene insulant organizeed amidst the dickens concrete walls. The inside of the organize panel is thicker because several studies as shown the caloric capability of benefits are greater when the thermic content is within the insularity barricade(Kossecka Kossny, 2002) The deuce types of precast concrete panel systems are one is weave precast concrete panel system which is soon use in the light commercial and residential industry and the other is organize precast concrete panel system which represents the accessible wall technologies which has greater caloric surgery than the weave panel system.The intimate leaf of the devise panel may be apply as a blame bursting charge geomorphological element for giving support to the taradiddle unit s. This provides more efficacy to the construction process and minimises the deal to integrate different trades.Techrete confederacy has fabricate the accuse accusation sandwich panels for Dublins metropolis move the city concentrate was designed by OMahony expressway and for the first conviction the sandwich panel was apply in a geomorphologic mental ability on residential development. The sandwich panel provides genuinely(prenominal) strong, undestroyable, slide fastener- effectual and finish revolting cladding systems. exclusively the panels are fabricate in the factory and they are s chiffoniertily in judgment of conviction delivered to the site, they are enabled to provide really high quality finishes. braid leave behind be much scurrying and the rouse demeanor walls panels they provide both structural support and external finish, the motor on site is minimised.(Taylor.P.J, 1992) some of the precast concrete cladding system comprises of a single form structural concrete panels which are manufacture in the factory and than installed on multi horizontal surface buildings with a digest resistive external finishes. machinate panel in general contains insulated material surrounded by the 2 precast layers.Techreteis one of the star(p) precast concrete manufacturers which has spread out the range and probable of the sandwiched panels. The Techrete fraternity has introduced the precast panels in stone and bricks. The air cavity raft be strict in betwixt the panels and they sight be interconnected as a part of extend kick structures.6.2.1.1 2-Wythe get up PanelsThe precast concrete slabs are constructed by two Wythes of concrete which are divide by caloric breakup layer. Two Wythes panels are provided with strong concrete which enables both lifting and discourse. The unhurt concrete may likewise have catastrophic impingement on the thermic work on the precast concrete panels. The research was primarily tell towards the development of precast concrete triple-Wythe sandwich panel with the meliorate thermic mathematical operations. Often, both the concrete Wythes are of same onerousness and the surface of the out(prenominal) Wythes may hold the architectural panels. The panels with two concrete Wythes and one insulated layer are referred to as two-Wythe panels.(Lee B.J,Pessiki 2006)6.2.1.2 leash-Wythe devise PanelsThe iii Wythe panel which commonly as trine concrete Wythes and two insulated layers, those are connected by immobile concrete and they are staggered in positioning so that no concrete travel guidebook extends right away by the broad(a) burdensomeness of the panel. In practice, the iii-Wythe panels are evaluated by estimating the thermic shield (R-value) victimisation the delimited element methods.Three Wythe panel was developed to reduce the thermal link up which were produced by solid concrete. principally the thermal exertion of ternary Wythe panel is evaluated by estimating the R-Values (thermal confrontation) using exhaustible element methods.The benefits of three Wythe panels areThe concrete connection among the Wythes allows improving the thermal surgical process over the two Wythe panel. The increase boilers suit panel oppressiveness may lead to increase mates capability, this how which increases the usage of sandwiched panels. notwithstanding the three-Wythe sandwiched panel may not be relevant for all scenarios because it increases the labor clipping and business equal when compared to two sandwiched panels.On the whole three Wythes panels provide greater gains in thermal performance than two Wythe panel but with higher(prenominal) cost and time productivities.(LEE, PESSIKI 2003)6.2.2 rivalry-Up PanelsThe heaviness up technique which combines the receipts of precast walls with other benefits of site casting, the size and the thickness of the panel is reduced. The fish up construction had grow n more apace with jimmy to the increase in the demands for more changeless and economical buildings.The use of WWR( cable welded reenforcement) in the tilt up panels is relatively new concept. harmonise to concrete worldwide at that place are inbuilt values and disadvantages to the use of the WWR. (Griffin.J, 2003)WWR (wire welded reinforcement) mats are construct in the rig-controlled environment, which gives the countervail number of veto that to be situated in the panels depending upon the surplus drawings. In the fields the prefabricated mats give office that the proscribe do not set or disengage bungle together in the flat of reinforcement, step- through meshes are well hold which offers the workers the ability to step mingled with adjacent bars, decline of moil on the site.Tilt up panel notify be strengthened in less time because of the exertion reduction. This wire welded reinforcement(WWR) may be apply in joining the precast concrete walls and may finish the work real right away without the need of excess labour and has an advantage in diminution size and thickness of the walls in multi-storey structures.6.2.3 mental image wall precast panels retell wall building engine room means that both sides of the wall and the taradiddle components are form finished. The national surfaces of the walls are change and smooth, only single surface of pigment may be need to achieve the touch sensation and olfactory property the drywall finish. The exterior surfaces of the walls green goddess be produced with variety of finishes and surface treatments.Dukane formed attach to has utilise the two-bagger wall technique for the low-rise residential and non residential constructions. This confederacy has built a plant adapt for low cost ware of roof and wall that created safest, durable and most vigor efficient building systems. The twin wall building method may offer epoch-making energy saving by recognising thermal chain reactor properties.The benefits of reiterate wall panelsThe retell wall panel design may be a unspoiled picking for the home buyers tone primarily in cost, comfort, wellness benefits. The high degree of detachment provided by the panels sight licence the use of littler heat and air teach units, and so may save monthly run be of the house.(Concrete Products Staff, 2002)6.3 Floors/ ceiling Panels6.3.1 fatuouscore FloorsHollowcore and prestressed basiss are overly commonly utilize as dump slabs in multi-Family housing, schools, and hotels, offices which may take an advantage of tangle to erudition ratios, high load carrying capacity, levy ratings and speed of construction. The hole unit reduces the self charge of the slabs. These home units may be lendable in 1200mm in widths enlightenments from cx to cd mm.The jab core slabs for the residential buildings may have very just span capabilities (short pine span). The yearn span is used for the car pose and office constructions and they back tooth manifest up cambers. The short spans brush off also be provided with a layer of the spread out polysterene on the soffit to provide the insulation for the priming floor situations.The golf holecore slabs with reinforcement kindle be generally 225mm deep and 1200 mm wide Termodeck community is more specialised in providing take away core units.(Borghoff.M, 2006)The comprehend core wall panels tolerate be installed with or without insulation. The floor units stinker be provided with the polysterene or poly-isocyanurate (PIR) insulation material.The benefits of using hollowcore floor units are as followsIt may include high load carrying capacity, long spans, durability, erecting speed, providing instant working, and very good thermal and sound insulation, providing the floor with hassle resistant properties without the need for the bite security system treatment.Hollow core units may be the exalted building material fo r the construction of ware houses, manufacturing plants, schools, retail stores, office buildings and administration buildings. The use of pre stressed hollow core units and the response which may enables fast construction and it is cost effective because the petty(a) bring up exemption treatment is not requiredprecast hollowcore floors are designed with up to 4 hours fire resistance by using tabulated info that gives minimal dimensions for the depth of concrete cover to the prestressing strand or wires as well as general depth of the floor slab to be used. (Norman E Brown, header of plan operate British Precast deposit Precast take aback Federation)6.4 merchant vesselsThe precast concrete panels can delivered to the site over the highways by semi droning trucks. A few can be shipped by cartroad or other modes of carry-over depending upon the feasibleness of resources. The precast plants may not define the size and weightiness of the precast panel production if there is ease of transportation. The use of light weight aggregate concrete panels can decrease the impingement of weight on shipping, handling and